Not only a direct danger to the health of millions of people across the world, is Indoor Air Pollution from biomass cookstoves also playing a key role in climate change and proving a danger to the planet itself? Shell Foundation investigates the link between greenhouse gas emissions from traditional cookstoves and the ongoing impact of climate change.Not only a direct danger to the health of millions of people across the world, is Indoor Air Pollution from biomass cookstoves also playing a key role in climate change and proving a danger to the planet itself? Shell Foundation investigates the link between greenhouse gas emissions from traditional cookstoves and the ongoing impact of climate change.Not only a direct danger to the health of millions of people across the world, is Indoor Air Pollution from biomass cookstoves also playing a key role in climate change and proving a danger to the planet itself? Shell Foundation investigates the link between greenhouse gas emissions from traditional cookstoves and the ongoing impact of climate change.Not only a direct danger to the health of millions of people across the world, is Indoor Air Pollution from biomass cookstoves also playing a key role in climate change and proving a danger to the planet itself? Shell Foundation investigates the link between greenhouse gas emissions from traditional cookstoves and the ongoing impact of climate change.Not only a direct danger to the health of millions of people across the world, is Indoor Air Pollution from biomass cookstoves also playing a key role in climate change and proving a danger to the planet itself? Shell Foundation investigates the link between greenhouse gas emissions from traditional cookstoves and the ongoing impact of climate change.Not only a direct danger to the health of millions of people across the world, is Indoor Air Pollution from biomass cookstoves also playing a key role in climate change and proving a danger to the planet itself? Shell Foundation investigates the link between greenhouse gas emissions from traditional cookstoves and the ongoing impact of climate change.Not only a direct danger to the health of millions of people across the world, is Indoor Air Pollution from biomass cookstoves also playing a key role in climate change and proving a danger to the planet itself? Shell Foundation investigates the link between greenhouse gas emissions from traditional cookstoves and the ongoing impact of climate change.Not only a direct danger to the health of millions of people across the world, is Indoor Air Pollution from biomass cookstoves also playing a key role in climate change and proving a danger to the planet itself? Shell Foundation investigates the link between greenhouse gas emissions from traditional cookstoves and the ongoing impact of climate change.Not only a direct danger to the health of millions of people across the world, is Indoor Air Pollution from biomass cookstoves also playing a key role in climate change and proving a danger to the planet itself? Shell Foundation investigates the link between greenhouse gas emissions from traditional cookstoves and the ongoing impact of climate change.Not only a direct danger to the health of millions of people across the world, is Indoor Air Pollution from biomass cookstoves also playing a key role in climate change and proving a danger to the planet itself? Shell Foundation investigates the link between greenhouse gas emissions from traditional cookstoves and the ongoing impact of climate change.Not only a direct danger to the health of millions of people across the world, is Indoor Air Pollution from biomass cookstoves also playing a key role in climate change and proving a danger to the planet itself? Shell Foundation investigates the link between greenhouse gas emissions from traditional cookstoves and the ongoing impact of climate change.Not only a direct danger to the health of millions of people across the world, is Indoor Air Pollution from biomass cookstoves also playing a key role in climate change and proving a danger to the planet itself? Shell Foundation investigates the link between greenhouse gas emissions from traditional cookstoves and the ongoing impact of climate change.Not only a direct danger to the health of millions of people across the world, is Indoor Air Pollution from biomass cookstoves also playing a key role in climate change and proving a danger to the planet itself? Shell Foundation investigates the link between greenhouse gas emissions from traditional cookstoves and the ongoing impact of climate change.Not only a direct danger to the health of millions of people across the world, is Indoor Air Pollution from biomass cookstoves also playing a key role in climate change and proving a danger to the planet itself? Shell Foundation investigates the link between greenhouse gas emissions from traditional cookstoves and the ongoing impact of climate change.Not only a direct danger to the health of millions of people across the world, is Indoor Air Pollution from biomass cookstoves also playing a key role in climate change and proving a danger to the planet itself? Shell Foundation investigates the link between greenhouse gas emissions from traditional cookstoves and the ongoing impact of climate change.Not only a direct danger to the health of millions of people across the world, is Indoor Air Pollution from biomass cookstoves also playing a key role in climate change and proving a danger to the planet itself? Shell Foundation investigates the link between greenhouse gas emissions from traditional cookstoves and the ongoing impact of climate change.Not only a direct danger to the health of millions of people across the world, is Indoor Air Pollution from biomass cookstoves also playing a key role in climate change and proving a danger to the planet itself? Shell Foundation investigates the link between greenhouse gas emissions from traditional cookstoves and the ongoing impact of climate change.Not only a direct danger to the health of millions of people across the world, is Indoor Air Pollution from biomass cookstoves also playing a key role in climate change and proving a danger to the planet itself? Shell Foundation investigates the link between greenhouse gas emissions from traditional cookstoves and the ongoing impact of climate change.Not only a direct danger to the health of millions of people across the world, is Indoor Air Pollution from biomass cookstoves also playing a key role in climate change and proving a danger to the planet itself? Shell Foundation investigates the link between greenhouse gas emissions from traditional cookstoves and the ongoing impact of climate change.Not only a direct danger to the health of millions of people across the world, is Indoor Air Pollution from biomass cookstoves also playing a key role in climate change and proving a danger to the planet itself? Shell Foundation investigates the link between greenhouse gas emissions from traditional cookstoves and the ongoing impact of climate change.Not only a direct danger to the health of millions of people across the world, is Indoor Air Pollution from biomass cookstoves also playing a key role in climate change and proving a danger to the planet itself? Shell Foundation investigates the link between greenhouse gas emissions from traditional cookstoves and the ongoing impact of climate change.Not only a direct danger to the health of millions of people across the world, is Indoor Air Pollution from biomass cookstoves also playing a key role in climate change and proving a danger to the planet itself? Shell Foundation investigates the link between greenhouse gas emissions from traditional cookstoves and the ongoing impact of climate change.Not only a direct danger to the health of millions of people across the world, is Indoor Air Pollution from biomass cookstoves also playing a key role in climate change and proving a danger to the planet itself? Shell Foundation investigates the link between greenhouse gas emissions from traditional cookstoves and the ongoing impact of climate change.Not only a direct danger to the health of millions of people across the world, is Indoor Air Pollution from biomass cookstoves also playing a key role in climate change and proving a danger to the planet itself? Shell Foundation investigates the link between greenhouse gas emissions from traditional cookstoves and the ongoing impact of climate change.Not only a direct danger to the health of millions of people across the world, is Indoor Air Pollution from biomass cookstoves also playing a key role in climate change and proving a danger to the planet itself? Shell Foundation investigates the link between greenhouse gas emissions from traditional cookstoves and the ongoing impact of climate change.Not only a direct danger to the health of millions of people across the world, is Indoor Air Pollution from biomass cookstoves also playing a key role in climate change and proving a danger to the planet itself? Shell Foundation investigates the link between greenhouse gas emissions from traditional cookstoves and the ongoing impact of climate change.Not only a direct danger to the health of millions of people across the world, is Indoor Air Pollution from biomass cookstoves also playing a key role in climate change and proving a danger to the planet itself? Shell Foundation investigates the link between greenhouse gas emissions from traditional cookstoves and the ongoing impact of climate change.Not only a direct danger to the health of millions of people across the world, is Indoor Air Pollution from biomass cookstoves also playing a key role in climate change and proving a danger to the planet itself? Shell Foundation investigates the link between greenhouse gas emissions from traditional cookstoves and the ongoing impact of climate change.Not only a direct danger to the health of millions of people across the world, is Indoor Air Pollution from biomass cookstoves also playing a key role in climate change and proving a danger to the planet itself? Shell Foundation investigates the link between greenhouse gas emissions from traditional cookstoves and the ongoing impact of climate change.Not only a direct danger to the health of millions of people across the world, is Indoor Air Pollution from biomass cookstoves also playing a key role in climate change and proving a danger to the planet itself? Shell Foundation investigates the link between greenhouse gas emissions from traditional cookstoves and the ongoing impact of climate change.Not only a direct danger to the health of millions of people across the world, is Indoor Air Pollution from biomass cookstoves also playing a key role in climate change and proving a danger to the planet itself? Shell Foundation investigates the link between greenhouse gas emissions from traditional cookstoves and the ongoing impact of climate change.Not only a direct danger to the health of millions of people across the world, is Indoor Air Pollution from biomass cookstoves also playing a key role in climate change and proving a danger to the planet itself? Shell Foundation investigates the link between greenhouse gas emissions from traditional cookstoves and the ongoing impact of climate change.With scientists in universal agreement that the only realistic way to tackle global warming is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, a sombre picture is painted of natural disasters like flood and drought, food shortages and refugee crises if nothing is done to tackle climate change. Politicians are taking note; indeed, in a speech in November 2007 in the run up to the United Nations Climate Change conference in Bali, Prime Minster Gordon Brown said the UK's aim for any policies coming out of the negotiations was a 50% cut in global greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. Yet biomass burning on traditional cook stoves – in other words using fuels like wood, dung, and crop residues for cooking and heating - is carried out by half the worlds population and may be a significant driver for global warming. In fact, as long ago as 1990 it was estimated that the overall contribution of biomass stoves to global warming was about 2% [1] while other research indicated that the Global Warming Commitment (GWM) of a meal cooked on a biomass stove can actually exceed that of fossil fuels, even if based on renewably harvested fuel. [2] So whats the process? Greenhouse gases (GHG) and chemically active gases are formed as direct combustion products, especially so when stoves are not 100% efficient. Although CO2, the principle gas produced by biomass combustion is the best known greenhouse gas, it is by no means the only one. Other products of incomplete combustion include carbon monoxide and methane, the latter being a much worse GHG than CO2. Previous calculations by the charity [3] have shown that if an energy efficient stove replaced a traditional cook stove it could save around 1.5 tonnes of CO2 per year - enough to offset the carbon footprint created by a return flight from London to New York.  Multiply that by all the inefficient cook stoves being used across the world today and that equates to some 750 million tonnes of CO2 a year that could be eradicated. Headlines about the impact of cook stoves on climate are becoming more common -  ‘Asia as bad as West for Global Warming, says study by US and ‘Soot from wood stoves in developing world impacts global warming more than expected just two examples of alarming stories carried by the UKs Independent newspaper [4] and the American Chemical Society [5] respectively. The Independent article, based on a study appearing in the prestigious academic journal Nature, revealed that massive brown clouds over the Indian Ocean were a direct result of cooking on traditional stoves. Scientists sent monitoring devices into the hazy clouds above the Maldives and found that the pollution added to the heating of the atmosphere by about 50 per cent and was a major factor in the melting of the Himalayan glaciers. The author of the study said he was hopeful the findings would spur regional governments to step up efforts to replace wood-burning stoves. Almost a year earlier a widely published story carried results from a field test in Honduras which suggested harmful smoke particles from cookstoves could have a much greater impact on global climate change than previously thought. In fact, based on control studies carried out in the laboratory, the authors found the stoves produced two times more smoke particles than expected. Given that traditional cookstoves are used for more than two billion people worldwide on a daily basis, the study concluded that the use of cleaner burning stoves and fuels would have far-reaching benefits. This added weight to their earlier research which had estimated that cookstoves produce almost as much soot worldwide as diesel vehicles – 800,000 tonnes per year compared to 890,000 tonnes per year.With scientists in universal agreement that the only realistic way to tackle global warming is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, a sombre picture is painted of natural disasters like flood and drought, food shortages and refugee crises if nothing is done to tackle climate change. Politicians are taking note; indeed, in a speech in November 2007 in the run up to the United Nations Climate Change conference in Bali, Prime Minster Gordon Brown said the UK's aim for any policies coming out of the negotiations was a 50% cut in global greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. Yet biomass burning on traditional cook stoves – in other words using fuels like wood, dung, and crop residues for cooking and heating - is carried out by half the worlds population and may be a significant driver for global warming. In fact, as long ago as 1990 it was estimated that the overall contribution of biomass stoves to global warming was about 2% [1] while other research indicated that the Global Warming Commitment (GWM) of a meal cooked on a biomass stove can actually exceed that of fossil fuels, even if based on renewably harvested fuel. [2] So whats the process? Greenhouse gases (GHG) and chemically active gases are formed as direct combustion products, especially so when stoves are not 100% efficient. Although CO2, the principle gas produced by biomass combustion is the best known greenhouse gas, it is by no means the only one. Other products of incomplete combustion include carbon monoxide and methane, the latter being a much worse GHG than CO2. Previous calculations by the charity [3] have shown that if an energy efficient stove replaced a traditional cook stove it could save around 1.5 tonnes of CO2 per year - enough to offset the carbon footprint created by a return flight from London to New York.  Multiply that by all the inefficient cook stoves being used across the world today and that equates to some 750 million tonnes of CO2 a year that could be eradicated. Headlines about the impact of cook stoves on climate are becoming more common -  ‘Asia as bad as West for Global Warming, says study by US and ‘Soot from wood stoves in developing world impacts global warming more than expected just two examples of alarming stories carried by the UKs Independent newspaper [4] and the American Chemical Society [5] respectively. The Independent article, based on a study appearing in the prestigious academic journal Nature, revealed that massive brown clouds over the Indian Ocean were a direct result of cooking on traditional stoves. Scientists sent monitoring devices into the hazy clouds above the Maldives and found that the pollution added to the heating of the atmosphere by about 50 per cent and was a major factor in the melting of the Himalayan glaciers. The author of the study said he was hopeful the findings would spur regional governments to step up efforts to replace wood-burning stoves. Almost a year earlier a widely published story carried results from a field test in Honduras which suggested harmful smoke particles from cookstoves could have a much greater impact on global climate change than previously thought. In fact, based on control studies carried out in the laboratory, the authors found the stoves produced two times more smoke particles than expected. Given that traditional cookstoves are used for more than two billion people worldwide on a daily basis, the study concluded that the use of cleaner burning stoves and fuels would have far-reaching benefits. This added weight to their earlier research which had estimated that cookstoves produce almost as much soot worldwide as diesel vehicles – 800,000 tonnes per year compared to 890,000 tonnes per year.With scientists in universal agreement that the only realistic way to tackle global warming is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, a sombre picture is painted of natural disasters like flood and drought, food shortages and refugee crises if nothing is done to tackle climate change. Politicians are taking note; indeed, in a speech in November 2007 in the run up to the United Nations Climate Change conference in Bali, Prime Minster Gordon Brown said the UK's aim for any policies coming out of the negotiations was a 50% cut in global greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. Yet biomass burning on traditional cook stoves – in other words using fuels like wood, dung, and crop residues for cooking and heating - is carried out by half the worlds population and may be a significant driver for global warming. In fact, as long ago as 1990 it was estimated that the overall contribution of biomass stoves to global warming was about 2% [1] while other research indicated that the Global Warming Commitment (GWM) of a meal cooked on a biomass stove can actually exceed that of fossil fuels, even if based on renewably harvested fuel. [2] So whats the process? Greenhouse gases (GHG) and chemically active gases are formed as direct combustion products, especially so when stoves are not 100% efficient. Although CO2, the principle gas produced by biomass combustion is the best known greenhouse gas, it is by no means the only one. Other products of incomplete combustion include carbon monoxide and methane, the latter being a much worse GHG than CO2. Previous calculations by the charity [3] have shown that if an energy efficient stove replaced a traditional cook stove it could save around 1.5 tonnes of CO2 per year - enough to offset the carbon footprint created by a return flight from London to New York.  Multiply that by all the inefficient cook stoves being used across the world today and that equates to some 750 million tonnes of CO2 a year that could be eradicated. Headlines about the impact of cook stoves on climate are becoming more common -  ‘Asia as bad as West for Global Warming, says study by US and ‘Soot from wood stoves in developing world impacts global warming more than expected just two examples of alarming stories carried by the UKs Independent newspaper [4] and the American Chemical Society [5] respectively. The Independent article, based on a study appearing in the prestigious academic journal Nature, revealed that massive brown clouds over the Indian Ocean were a direct result of cooking on traditional stoves. Scientists sent monitoring devices into the hazy clouds above the Maldives and found that the pollution added to the heating of the atmosphere by about 50 per cent and was a major factor in the melting of the Himalayan glaciers. The author of the study said he was hopeful the findings would spur regional governments to step up efforts to replace wood-burning stoves. Almost a year earlier a widely published story carried results from a field test in Honduras which suggested harmful smoke particles from cookstoves could have a much greater impact on global climate change than previously thought. In fact, based on control studies carried out in the laboratory, the authors found the stoves produced two times more smoke particles than expected. Given that traditional cookstoves are used for more than two billion people worldwide on a daily basis, the study concluded that the use of cleaner burning stoves and fuels would have far-reaching benefits. This added weight to their earlier research which had estimated that cookstoves produce almost as much soot worldwide as diesel vehicles – 800,000 tonnes per year compared to 890,000 tonnes per year.With scientists in universal agreement that the only realistic way to tackle global warming is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, a sombre picture is painted of natural disasters like flood and drought, food shortages and refugee crises if nothing is done to tackle climate change. Politicians are taking note; indeed, in a speech in November 2007 in the run up to the United Nations Climate Change conference in Bali, Prime Minster Gordon Brown said the UK's aim for any policies coming out of the negotiations was a 50% cut in global greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. Yet biomass burning on traditional cook stoves – in other words using fuels like wood, dung, and crop residues for cooking and heating - is carried out by half the worlds population and may be a significant driver for global warming. In fact, as long ago as 1990 it was estimated that the overall contribution of biomass stoves to global warming was about 2% [1] while other research indicated that the Global Warming Commitment (GWM) of a meal cooked on a biomass stove can actually exceed that of fossil fuels, even if based on renewably harvested fuel. [2] So whats the process? Greenhouse gases (GHG) and chemically active gases are formed as direct combustion products, especially so when stoves are not 100% efficient. Although CO2, the principle gas produced by biomass combustion is the best known greenhouse gas, it is by no means the only one. Other products of incomplete combustion include carbon monoxide and methane, the latter being a much worse GHG than CO2. Previous calculations by the charity [3] have shown that if an energy efficient stove replaced a traditional cook stove it could save around 1.5 tonnes of CO2 per year - enough to offset the carbon footprint created by a return flight from London to New York.  Multiply that by all the inefficient cook stoves being used across the world today and that equates to some 750 million tonnes of CO2 a year that could be eradicated. Headlines about the impact of cook stoves on climate are becoming more common -  ‘Asia as bad as West for Global Warming, says study by US and ‘Soot from wood stoves in developing world impacts global warming more than expected just two examples of alarming stories carried by the UKs Independent newspaper [4] and the American Chemical Society [5] respectively. The Independent article, based on a study appearing in the prestigious academic journal Nature, revealed that massive brown clouds over the Indian Ocean were a direct result of cooking on traditional stoves. Scientists sent monitoring devices into the hazy clouds above the Maldives and found that the pollution added to the heating of the atmosphere by about 50 per cent and was a major factor in the melting of the Himalayan glaciers. The author of the study said he was hopeful the findings would spur regional governments to step up efforts to replace wood-burning stoves. Almost a year earlier a widely published story carried results from a field test in Honduras which suggested harmful smoke particles from cookstoves could have a much greater impact on global climate change than previously thought. In fact, based on control studies carried out in the laboratory, the authors found the stoves produced two times more smoke particles than expected. Given that traditional cookstoves are used for more than two billion people worldwide on a daily basis, the study concluded that the use of cleaner burning stoves and fuels would have far-reaching benefits. This added weight to their earlier research which had estimated that cookstoves produce almost as much soot worldwide as diesel vehicles – 800,000 tonnes per year compared to 890,000 tonnes per year.With scientists in universal agreement that the only realistic way to tackle global warming is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, a sombre picture is painted of natural disasters like flood and drought, food shortages and refugee crises if nothing is done to tackle climate change. Politicians are taking note; indeed, in a speech in November 2007 in the run up to the United Nations Climate Change conference in Bali, Prime Minster Gordon Brown said the UK's aim for any policies coming out of the negotiations was a 50% cut in global greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. Yet biomass burning on traditional cook stoves – in other words using fuels like wood, dung, and crop residues for cooking and heating - is carried out by half the worlds population and may be a significant driver for global warming. In fact, as long ago as 1990 it was estimated that the overall contribution of biomass stoves to global warming was about 2% [1] while other research indicated that the Global Warming Commitment (GWM) of a meal cooked on a biomass stove can actually exceed that of fossil fuels, even if based on renewably harvested fuel. [2] So whats the process? Greenhouse gases (GHG) and chemically active gases are formed as direct combustion products, especially so when stoves are not 100% efficient. Although CO2, the principle gas produced by biomass combustion is the best known greenhouse gas, it is by no means the only one. Other products of incomplete combustion include carbon monoxide and methane, the latter being a much worse GHG than CO2. Previous calculations by the charity [3] have shown that if an energy efficient stove replaced a traditional cook stove it could save around 1.5 tonnes of CO2 per year - enough to offset the carbon footprint created by a return flight from London to New York.  Multiply that by all the inefficient cook stoves being used across the world today and that equates to some 750 million tonnes of CO2 a year that could be eradicated. Headlines about the impact of cook stoves on climate are becoming more common -  ‘Asia as bad as West for Global Warming, says study by US and ‘Soot from wood stoves in developing world impacts global warming more than expected just two examples of alarming stories carried by the UKs Independent newspaper [4] and the American Chemical Society [5] respectively. The Independent article, based on a study appearing in the prestigious academic journal Nature, revealed that massive brown clouds over the Indian Ocean were a direct result of cooking on traditional stoves. Scientists sent monitoring devices into the hazy clouds above the Maldives and found that the pollution added to the heating of the atmosphere by about 50 per cent and was a major factor in the melting of the Himalayan glaciers. The author of the study said he was hopeful the findings would spur regional governments to step up efforts to replace wood-burning stoves. Almost a year earlier a widely published story carried results from a field test in Honduras which suggested harmful smoke particles from cookstoves could have a much greater impact on global climate change than previously thought. In fact, based on control studies carried out in the laboratory, the authors found the stoves produced two times more smoke particles than expected. Given that traditional cookstoves are used for more than two billion people worldwide on a daily basis, the study concluded that the use of cleaner burning stoves and fuels would have far-reaching benefits. This added weight to their earlier research which had estimated that cookstoves produce almost as much soot worldwide as diesel vehicles – 800,000 tonnes per year compared to 890,000 tonnes per year.With scientists in universal agreement that the only realistic way to tackle global warming is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, a sombre picture is painted of natural disasters like flood and drought, food shortages and refugee crises if nothing is done to tackle climate change. Politicians are taking note; indeed, in a speech in November 2007 in the run up to the United Nations Climate Change conference in Bali, Prime Minster Gordon Brown said the UK's aim for any policies coming out of the negotiations was a 50% cut in global greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. Yet biomass burning on traditional cook stoves – in other words using fuels like wood, dung, and crop residues for cooking and heating - is carried out by half the worlds population and may be a significant driver for global warming. In fact, as long ago as 1990 it was estimated that the overall contribution of biomass stoves to global warming was about 2% [1] while other research indicated that the Global Warming Commitment (GWM) of a meal cooked on a biomass stove can actually exceed that of fossil fuels, even if based on renewably harvested fuel. [2] So whats the process? Greenhouse gases (GHG) and chemically active gases are formed as direct combustion products, especially so when stoves are not 100% efficient. Although CO2, the principle gas produced by biomass combustion is the best known greenhouse gas, it is by no means the only one. Other products of incomplete combustion include carbon monoxide and methane, the latter being a much worse GHG than CO2. Previous calculations by the charity [3] have shown that if an energy efficient stove replaced a traditional cook stove it could save around 1.5 tonnes of CO2 per year - enough to offset the carbon footprint created by a return flight from London to New York.  Multiply that by all the inefficient cook stoves being used across the world today and that equates to some 750 million tonnes of CO2 a year that could be eradicated. Headlines about the impact of cook stoves on climate are becoming more common -  ‘Asia as bad as West for Global Warming, says study by US and ‘Soot from wood stoves in developing world impacts global warming more than expected just two examples of alarming stories carried by the UKs Independent newspaper [4] and the American Chemical Society [5] respectively. The Independent article, based on a study appearing in the prestigious academic journal Nature, revealed that massive brown clouds over the Indian Ocean were a direct result of cooking on traditional stoves. Scientists sent monitoring devices into the hazy clouds above the Maldives and found that the pollution added to the heating of the atmosphere by about 50 per cent and was a major factor in the melting of the Himalayan glaciers. The author of the study said he was hopeful the findings would spur regional governments to step up efforts to replace wood-burning stoves. Almost a year earlier a widely published story carried results from a field test in Honduras which suggested harmful smoke particles from cookstoves could have a much greater impact on global climate change than previously thought. In fact, based on control studies carried out in the laboratory, the authors found the stoves produced two times more smoke particles than expected. Given that traditional cookstoves are used for more than two billion people worldwide on a daily basis, the study concluded that the use of cleaner burning stoves and fuels would have far-reaching benefits. This added weight to their earlier research which had estimated that cookstoves produce almost as much soot worldwide as diesel vehicles – 800,000 tonnes per year compared to 890,000 tonnes per year.With scientists in universal agreement that the only realistic way to tackle global warming is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, a sombre picture is painted of natural disasters like flood and drought, food shortages and refugee crises if nothing is done to tackle climate change. Politicians are taking note; indeed, in a speech in November 2007 in the run up to the United Nations Climate Change conference in Bali, Prime Minster Gordon Brown said the UK's aim for any policies coming out of the negotiations was a 50% cut in global greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. Yet biomass burning on traditional cook stoves – in other words using fuels like wood, dung, and crop residues for cooking and heating - is carried out by half the worlds population and may be a significant driver for global warming. In fact, as long ago as 1990 it was estimated that the overall contribution of biomass stoves to global warming was about 2% [1] while other research indicated that the Global Warming Commitment (GWM) of a meal cooked on a biomass stove can actually exceed that of fossil fuels, even if based on renewably harvested fuel. [2] So whats the process? Greenhouse gases (GHG) and chemically active gases are formed as direct combustion products, especially so when stoves are not 100% efficient. Although CO2, the principle gas produced by biomass combustion is the best known greenhouse gas, it is by no means the only one. Other products of incomplete combustion include carbon monoxide and methane, the latter being a much worse GHG than CO2. Previous calculations by the charity [3] have shown that if an energy efficient stove replaced a traditional cook stove it could save around 1.5 tonnes of CO2 per year - enough to offset the carbon footprint created by a return flight from London to New York.  Multiply that by all the inefficient cook stoves being used across the world today and that equates to some 750 million tonnes of CO2 a year that could be eradicated. Headlines about the impact of cook stoves on climate are becoming more common -  ‘Asia as bad as West for Global Warming, says study by US and ‘Soot from wood stoves in developing world impacts global warming more than expected just two examples of alarming stories carried by the UKs Independent newspaper [4] and the American Chemical Society [5] respectively. The Independent article, based on a study appearing in the prestigious academic journal Nature, revealed that massive brown clouds over the Indian Ocean were a direct result of cooking on traditional stoves. Scientists sent monitoring devices into the hazy clouds above the Maldives and found that the pollution added to the heating of the atmosphere by about 50 per cent and was a major factor in the melting of the Himalayan glaciers. The author of the study said he was hopeful the findings would spur regional governments to step up efforts to replace wood-burning stoves. Almost a year earlier a widely published story carried results from a field test in Honduras which suggested harmful smoke particles from cookstoves could have a much greater impact on global climate change than previously thought. In fact, based on control studies carried out in the laboratory, the authors found the stoves produced two times more smoke particles than expected. Given that traditional cookstoves are used for more than two billion people worldwide on a daily basis, the study concluded that the use of cleaner burning stoves and fuels would have far-reaching benefits. This added weight to their earlier research which had estimated that cookstoves produce almost as much soot worldwide as diesel vehicles – 800,000 tonnes per year compared to 890,000 tonnes per year.With scientists in universal agreement that the only realistic way to tackle global warming is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, a sombre picture is painted of natural disasters like flood and drought, food shortages and refugee crises if nothing is done to tackle climate change. Politicians are taking note; indeed, in a speech in November 2007 in the run up to the United Nations Climate Change conference in Bali, Prime Minster Gordon Brown said the UK's aim for any policies coming out of the negotiations was a 50% cut in global greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. Yet biomass burning on traditional cook stoves – in other words using fuels like wood, dung, and crop residues for cooking and heating - is carried out by half the worlds population and may be a significant driver for global warming. In fact, as long ago as 1990 it was estimated that the overall contribution of biomass stoves to global warming was about 2% [1] while other research indicated that the Global Warming Commitment (GWM) of a meal cooked on a biomass stove can actually exceed that of fossil fuels, even if based on renewably harvested fuel. [2] So whats the process? Greenhouse gases (GHG) and chemically active gases are formed as direct combustion products, especially so when stoves are not 100% efficient. Although CO2, the principle gas produced by biomass combustion is the best known greenhouse gas, it is by no means the only one. Other products of incomplete combustion include carbon monoxide and methane, the latter being a much worse GHG than CO2. Previous calculations by the charity [3] have shown that if an energy efficient stove replaced a traditional cook stove it could save around 1.5 tonnes of CO2 per year - enough to offset the carbon footprint created by a return flight from London to New York.  Multiply that by all the inefficient cook stoves being used across the world today and that equates to some 750 million tonnes of CO2 a year that could be eradicated. Headlines about the impact of cook stoves on climate are becoming more common -  ‘Asia as bad as West for Global Warming, says study by US and ‘Soot from wood stoves in developing world impacts global warming more than expected just two examples of alarming stories carried by the UKs Independent newspaper [4] and the American Chemical Society [5] respectively. The Independent article, based on a study appearing in the prestigious academic journal Nature, revealed that massive brown clouds over the Indian Ocean were a direct result of cooking on traditional stoves. Scientists sent monitoring devices into the hazy clouds above the Maldives and found that the pollution added to the heating of the atmosphere by about 50 per cent and was a major factor in the melting of the Himalayan glaciers. The author of the study said he was hopeful the findings would spur regional governments to step up efforts to replace wood-burning stoves. Almost a year earlier a widely published story carried results from a field test in Honduras which suggested harmful smoke particles from cookstoves could have a much greater impact on global climate change than previously thought. In fact, based on control studies carried out in the laboratory, the authors found the stoves produced two times more smoke particles than expected. Given that traditional cookstoves are used for more than two billion people worldwide on a daily basis, the study concluded that the use of cleaner burning stoves and fuels would have far-reaching benefits. This added weight to their earlier research which had estimated that cookstoves produce almost as much soot worldwide as diesel vehicles – 800,000 tonnes per year compared to 890,000 tonnes per year.With scientists in universal agreement that the only realistic way to tackle global warming is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, a sombre picture is painted of natural disasters like flood and drought, food shortages and refugee crises if nothing is done to tackle climate change. Politicians are taking note; indeed, in a speech in November 2007 in the run up to the United Nations Climate Change conference in Bali, Prime Minster Gordon Brown said the UK's aim for any policies coming out of the negotiations was a 50% cut in global greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. Yet biomass burning on traditional cook stoves – in other words using fuels like wood, dung, and crop residues for cooking and heating - is carried out by half the worlds population and may be a significant driver for global warming. In fact, as long ago as 1990 it was estimated that the overall contribution of biomass stoves to global warming was about 2% [1] while other research indicated that the Global Warming Commitment (GWM) of a meal cooked on a biomass stove can actually exceed that of fossil fuels, even if based on renewably harvested fuel. [2] So whats the process? Greenhouse gases (GHG) and chemically active gases are formed as direct combustion products, especially so when stoves are not 100% efficient. Although CO2, the principle gas produced by biomass combustion is the best known greenhouse gas, it is by no means the only one. Other products of incomplete combustion include carbon monoxide and methane, the latter being a much worse GHG than CO2. Previous calculations by the charity [3] have shown that if an energy efficient stove replaced a traditional cook stove it could save around 1.5 tonnes of CO2 per year - enough to offset the carbon footprint created by a return flight from London to New York.  Multiply that by all the inefficient cook stoves being used across the world today and that equates to some 750 million tonnes of CO2 a year that could be eradicated. Headlines about the impact of cook stoves on climate are becoming more common -  ‘Asia as bad as West for Global Warming, says study by US and ‘Soot from wood stoves in developing world impacts global warming more than expected just two examples of alarming stories carried by the UKs Independent newspaper [4] and the American Chemical Society [5] respectively. The Independent article, based on a study appearing in the prestigious academic journal Nature, revealed that massive brown clouds over the Indian Ocean were a direct result of cooking on traditional stoves. Scientists sent monitoring devices into the hazy clouds above the Maldives and found that the pollution added to the heating of the atmosphere by about 50 per cent and was a major factor in the melting of the Himalayan glaciers. The author of the study said he was hopeful the findings would spur regional governments to step up efforts to replace wood-burning stoves. Almost a year earlier a widely published story carried results from a field test in Honduras which suggested harmful smoke particles from cookstoves could have a much greater impact on global climate change than previously thought. In fact, based on control studies carried out in the laboratory, the authors found the stoves produced two times more smoke particles than expected. Given that traditional cookstoves are used for more than two billion people worldwide on a daily basis, the study concluded that the use of cleaner burning stoves and fuels would have far-reaching benefits. This added weight to their earlier research which had estimated that cookstoves produce almost as much soot worldwide as diesel vehicles – 800,000 tonnes per year compared to 890,000 tonnes per year.With scientists in universal agreement that the only realistic way to tackle global warming is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, a sombre picture is painted of natural disasters like flood and drought, food shortages and refugee crises if nothing is done to tackle climate change. Politicians are taking note; indeed, in a speech in November 2007 in the run up to the United Nations Climate Change conference in Bali, Prime Minster Gordon Brown said the UK's aim for any policies coming out of the negotiations was a 50% cut in global greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. Yet biomass burning on traditional cook stoves – in other words using fuels like wood, dung, and crop residues for cooking and heating - is carried out by half the worlds population and may be a significant driver for global warming. In fact, as long ago as 1990 it was estimated that the overall contribution of biomass stoves to global warming was about 2% [1] while other research indicated that the Global Warming Commitment (GWM) of a meal cooked on a biomass stove can actually exceed that of fossil fuels, even if based on renewably harvested fuel. [2] So whats the process? Greenhouse gases (GHG) and chemically active gases are formed as direct combustion products, especially so when stoves are not 100% efficient. Although CO2, the principle gas produced by biomass combustion is the best known greenhouse gas, it is by no means the only one. Other products of incomplete combustion include carbon monoxide and methane, the latter being a much worse GHG than CO2. Previous calculations by the charity [3] have shown that if an energy efficient stove replaced a traditional cook stove it could save around 1.5 tonnes of CO2 per year - enough to offset the carbon footprint created by a return flight from London to New York.  Multiply that by all the inefficient cook stoves being used across the world today and that equates to some 750 million tonnes of CO2 a year that could be eradicated. Headlines about the impact of cook stoves on climate are becoming more common -  ‘Asia as bad as West for Global Warming, says study by US and ‘Soot from wood stoves in developing world impacts global warming more than expected just two examples of alarming stories carried by the UKs Independent newspaper [4] and the American Chemical Society [5] respectively. The Independent article, based on a study appearing in the prestigious academic journal Nature, revealed that massive brown clouds over the Indian Ocean were a direct result of cooking on traditional stoves. Scientists sent monitoring devices into the hazy clouds above the Maldives and found that the pollution added to the heating of the atmosphere by about 50 per cent and was a major factor in the melting of the Himalayan glaciers. The author of the study said he was hopeful the findings would spur regional governments to step up efforts to replace wood-burning stoves. Almost a year earlier a widely published story carried results from a field test in Honduras which suggested harmful smoke particles from cookstoves could have a much greater impact on global climate change than previously thought. In fact, based on control studies carried out in the laboratory, the authors found the stoves produced two times more smoke particles than expected. Given that traditional cookstoves are used for more than two billion people worldwide on a daily basis, the study concluded that the use of cleaner burning stoves and fuels would have far-reaching benefits. This added weight to their earlier research which had estimated that cookstoves produce almost as much soot worldwide as diesel vehicles – 800,000 tonnes per year compared to 890,000 tonnes per year.With scientists in universal agreement that the only realistic way to tackle global warming is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, a sombre picture is painted of natural disasters like flood and drought, food shortages and refugee crises if nothing is done to tackle climate change. Politicians are taking note; indeed, in a speech in November 2007 in the run up to the United Nations Climate Change conference in Bali, Prime Minster Gordon Brown said the UK's aim for any policies coming out of the negotiations was a 50% cut in global greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. Yet biomass burning on traditional cook stoves – in other words using fuels like wood, dung, and crop residues for cooking and heating - is carried out by half the worlds population and may be a significant driver for global warming. In fact, as long ago as 1990 it was estimated that the overall contribution of biomass stoves to global warming was about 2% [1] while other research indicated that the Global Warming Commitment (GWM) of a meal cooked on a biomass stove can actually exceed that of fossil fuels, even if based on renewably harvested fuel. [2] So whats the process? Greenhouse gases (GHG) and chemically active gases are formed as direct combustion products, especially so when stoves are not 100% efficient. Although CO2, the principle gas produced by biomass combustion is the best known greenhouse gas, it is by no means the only one. Other products of incomplete combustion include carbon monoxide and methane, the latter being a much worse GHG than CO2. Previous calculations by the charity [3] have shown that if an energy efficient stove replaced a traditional cook stove it could save around 1.5 tonnes of CO2 per year - enough to offset the carbon footprint created by a return flight from London to New York.  Multiply that by all the inefficient cook stoves being used across the world today and that equates to some 750 million tonnes of CO2 a year that could be eradicated. Headlines about the impact of cook stoves on climate are becoming more common -  ‘Asia as bad as West for Global Warming, says study by US and ‘Soot from wood stoves in developing world impacts global warming more than expected just two examples of alarming stories carried by the UKs Independent newspaper [4] and the American Chemical Society [5] respectively. The Independent article, based on a study appearing in the prestigious academic journal Nature, revealed that massive brown clouds over the Indian Ocean were a direct result of cooking on traditional stoves. Scientists sent monitoring devices into the hazy clouds above the Maldives and found that the pollution added to the heating of the atmosphere by about 50 per cent and was a major factor in the melting of the Himalayan glaciers. The author of the study said he was hopeful the findings would spur regional governments to step up efforts to replace wood-burning stoves. Almost a year earlier a widely published story carried results from a field test in Honduras which suggested harmful smoke particles from cookstoves could have a much greater impact on global climate change than previously thought. In fact, based on control studies carried out in the laboratory, the authors found the stoves produced two times more smoke particles than expected. Given that traditional cookstoves are used for more than two billion people worldwide on a daily basis, the study concluded that the use of cleaner burning stoves and fuels would have far-reaching benefits. This added weight to their earlier research which had estimated that cookstoves produce almost as much soot worldwide as diesel vehicles – 800,000 tonnes per year compared to 890,000 tonnes per year.With scientists in universal agreement that the only realistic way to tackle global warming is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, a sombre picture is painted of natural disasters like flood and drought, food shortages and refugee crises if nothing is done to tackle climate change. Politicians are taking note; indeed, in a speech in November 2007 in the run up to the United Nations Climate Change conference in Bali, Prime Minster Gordon Brown said the UK's aim for any policies coming out of the negotiations was a 50% cut in global greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. Yet biomass burning on traditional cook stoves – in other words using fuels like wood, dung, and crop residues for cooking and heating - is carried out by half the worlds population and may be a significant driver for global warming. In fact, as long ago as 1990 it was estimated that the overall contribution of biomass stoves to global warming was about 2% [1] while other research indicated that the Global Warming Commitment (GWM) of a meal cooked on a biomass stove can actually exceed that of fossil fuels, even if based on renewably harvested fuel. [2] So whats the process? Greenhouse gases (GHG) and chemically active gases are formed as direct combustion products, especially so when stoves are not 100% efficient. Although CO2, the principle gas produced by biomass combustion is the best known greenhouse gas, it is by no means the only one. Other products of incomplete combustion include carbon monoxide and methane, the latter being a much worse GHG than CO2. Previous calculations by the charity [3] have shown that if an energy efficient stove replaced a traditional cook stove it could save around 1.5 tonnes of CO2 per year - enough to offset the carbon footprint created by a return flight from London to New York.  Multiply that by all the inefficient cook stoves being used across the world today and that equates to some 750 million tonnes of CO2 a year that could be eradicated. Headlines about the impact of cook stoves on climate are becoming more common -  ‘Asia as bad as West for Global Warming, says study by US and ‘Soot from wood stoves in developing world impacts global warming more than expected just two examples of alarming stories carried by the UKs Independent newspaper [4] and the American Chemical Society [5] respectively. The Independent article, based on a study appearing in the prestigious academic journal Nature, revealed that massive brown clouds over the Indian Ocean were a direct result of cooking on traditional stoves. Scientists sent monitoring devices into the hazy clouds above the Maldives and found that the pollution added to the heating of the atmosphere by about 50 per cent and was a major factor in the melting of the Himalayan glaciers. The author of the study said he was hopeful the findings would spur regional governments to step up efforts to replace wood-burning stoves. Almost a year earlier a widely published story carried results from a field test in Honduras which suggested harmful smoke particles from cookstoves could have a much greater impact on global climate change than previously thought. In fact, based on control studies carried out in the laboratory, the authors found the stoves produced two times more smoke particles than expected. Given that traditional cookstoves are used for more than two billion people worldwide on a daily basis, the study concluded that the use of cleaner burning stoves and fuels would have far-reaching benefits. This added weight to their earlier research which had estimated that cookstoves produce almost as much soot worldwide as diesel vehicles – 800,000 tonnes per year compared to 890,000 tonnes per year.With scientists in universal agreement that the only realistic way to tackle global warming is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, a sombre picture is painted of natural disasters like flood and drought, food shortages and refugee crises if nothing is done to tackle climate change. Politicians are taking note; indeed, in a speech in November 2007 in the run up to the United Nations Climate Change conference in Bali, Prime Minster Gordon Brown said the UK's aim for any policies coming out of the negotiations was a 50% cut in global greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. Yet biomass burning on traditional cook stoves – in other words using fuels like wood, dung, and crop residues for cooking and heating - is carried out by half the worlds population and may be a significant driver for global warming. In fact, as long ago as 1990 it was estimated that the overall contribution of biomass stoves to global warming was about 2% [1] while other research indicated that the Global Warming Commitment (GWM) of a meal cooked on a biomass stove can actually exceed that of fossil fuels, even if based on renewably harvested fuel. [2] So whats the process? Greenhouse gases (GHG) and chemically active gases are formed as direct combustion products, especially so when stoves are not 100% efficient. Although CO2, the principle gas produced by biomass combustion is the best known greenhouse gas, it is by no means the only one. Other products of incomplete combustion include carbon monoxide and methane, the latter being a much worse GHG than CO2. Previous calculations by the charity [3] have shown that if an energy efficient stove replaced a traditional cook stove it could save around 1.5 tonnes of CO2 per year - enough to offset the carbon footprint created by a return flight from London to New York.  Multiply that by all the inefficient cook stoves being used across the world today and that equates to some 750 million tonnes of CO2 a year that could be eradicated. Headlines about the impact of cook stoves on climate are becoming more common -  ‘Asia as bad as West for Global Warming, says study by US and ‘Soot from wood stoves in developing world impacts global warming more than expected just two examples of alarming stories carried by the UKs Independent newspaper [4] and the American Chemical Society [5] respectively. The Independent article, based on a study appearing in the prestigious academic journal Nature, revealed that massive brown clouds over the Indian Ocean were a direct result of cooking on traditional stoves. Scientists sent monitoring devices into the hazy clouds above the Maldives and found that the pollution added to the heating of the atmosphere by about 50 per cent and was a major factor in the melting of the Himalayan glaciers. The author of the study said he was hopeful the findings would spur regional governments to step up efforts to replace wood-burning stoves. Almost a year earlier a widely published story carried results from a field test in Honduras which suggested harmful smoke particles from cookstoves could have a much greater impact on global climate change than previously thought. In fact, based on control studies carried out in the laboratory, the authors found the stoves produced two times more smoke particles than expected. Given that traditional cookstoves are used for more than two billion people worldwide on a daily basis, the study concluded that the use of cleaner burning stoves and fuels would have far-reaching benefits. This added weight to their earlier research which had estimated that cookstoves produce almost as much soot worldwide as diesel vehicles – 800,000 tonnes per year compared to 890,000 tonnes per year.With scientists in universal agreement that the only realistic way to tackle global warming is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, a sombre picture is painted of natural disasters like flood and drought, food shortages and refugee crises if nothing is done to tackle climate change. Politicians are taking note; indeed, in a speech in November 2007 in the run up to the United Nations Climate Change conference in Bali, Prime Minster Gordon Brown said the UK's aim for any policies coming out of the negotiations was a 50% cut in global greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. Yet biomass burning on traditional cook stoves – in other words using fuels like wood, dung, and crop residues for cooking and heating - is carried out by half the worlds population and may be a significant driver for global warming. In fact, as long ago as 1990 it was estimated that the overall contribution of biomass stoves to global warming was about 2% [1] while other research indicated that the Global Warming Commitment (GWM) of a meal cooked on a biomass stove can actually exceed that of fossil fuels, even if based on renewably harvested fuel. [2] So whats the process? Greenhouse gases (GHG) and chemically active gases are formed as direct combustion products, especially so when stoves are not 100% efficient. Although CO2, the principle gas produced by biomass combustion is the best known greenhouse gas, it is by no means the only one. Other products of incomplete combustion include carbon monoxide and methane, the latter being a much worse GHG than CO2. Previous calculations by the charity [3] have shown that if an energy efficient stove replaced a traditional cook stove it could save around 1.5 tonnes of CO2 per year - enough to offset the carbon footprint created by a return flight from London to New York.  Multiply that by all the inefficient cook stoves being used across the world today and that equates to some 750 million tonnes of CO2 a year that could be eradicated. Headlines about the impact of cook stoves on climate are becoming more common -  ‘Asia as bad as West for Global Warming, says study by US and ‘Soot from wood stoves in developing world impacts global warming more than expected just two examples of alarming stories carried by the UKs Independent newspaper [4] and the American Chemical Society [5] respectively. The Independent article, based on a study appearing in the prestigious academic journal Nature, revealed that massive brown clouds over the Indian Ocean were a direct result of cooking on traditional stoves. Scientists sent monitoring devices into the hazy clouds above the Maldives and found that the pollution added to the heating of the atmosphere by about 50 per cent and was a major factor in the melting of the Himalayan glaciers. The author of the study said he was hopeful the findings would spur regional governments to step up efforts to replace wood-burning stoves. Almost a year earlier a widely published story carried results from a field test in Honduras which suggested harmful smoke particles from cookstoves could have a much greater impact on global climate change than previously thought. In fact, based on control studies carried out in the laboratory, the authors found the stoves produced two times more smoke particles than expected. Given that traditional cookstoves are used for more than two billion people worldwide on a daily basis, the study concluded that the use of cleaner burning stoves and fuels would have far-reaching benefits. This added weight to their earlier research which had estimated that cookstoves produce almost as much soot worldwide as diesel vehicles – 800,000 tonnes per year compared to 890,000 tonnes per year.With scientists in universal agreement that the only realistic way to tackle global warming is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, a sombre picture is painted of natural disasters like flood and drought, food shortages and refugee crises if nothing is done to tackle climate change. Politicians are taking note; indeed, in a speech in November 2007 in the run up to the United Nations Climate Change conference in Bali, Prime Minster Gordon Brown said the UK's aim for any policies coming out of the negotiations was a 50% cut in global greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. Yet biomass burning on traditional cook stoves – in other words using fuels like wood, dung, and crop residues for cooking and heating - is carried out by half the worlds population and may be a significant driver for global warming. In fact, as long ago as 1990 it was estimated that the overall contribution of biomass stoves to global warming was about 2% [1] while other research indicated that the Global Warming Commitment (GWM) of a meal cooked on a biomass stove can actually exceed that of fossil fuels, even if based on renewably harvested fuel. [2] So whats the process? Greenhouse gases (GHG) and chemically active gases are formed as direct combustion products, especially so when stoves are not 100% efficient. Although CO2, the principle gas produced by biomass combustion is the best known greenhouse gas, it is by no means the only one. Other products of incomplete combustion include carbon monoxide and methane, the latter being a much worse GHG than CO2. Previous calculations by the charity [3] have shown that if an energy efficient stove replaced a traditional cook stove it could save around 1.5 tonnes of CO2 per year - enough to offset the carbon footprint created by a return flight from London to New York.  Multiply that by all the inefficient cook stoves being used across the world today and that equates to some 750 million tonnes of CO2 a year that could be eradicated. Headlines about the impact of cook stoves on climate are becoming more common -  ‘Asia as bad as West for Global Warming, says study by US and ‘Soot from wood stoves in developing world impacts global warming more than expected just two examples of alarming stories carried by the UKs Independent newspaper [4] and the American Chemical Society [5] respectively. The Independent article, based on a study appearing in the prestigious academic journal Nature, revealed that massive brown clouds over the Indian Ocean were a direct result of cooking on traditional stoves. Scientists sent monitoring devices into the hazy clouds above the Maldives and found that the pollution added to the heating of the atmosphere by about 50 per cent and was a major factor in the melting of the Himalayan glaciers. The author of the study said he was hopeful the findings would spur regional governments to step up efforts to replace wood-burning stoves. Almost a year earlier a widely published story carried results from a field test in Honduras which suggested harmful smoke particles from cookstoves could have a much greater impact on global climate change than previously thought. In fact, based on control studies carried out in the laboratory, the authors found the stoves produced two times more smoke particles than expected. Given that traditional cookstoves are used for more than two billion people worldwide on a daily basis, the study concluded that the use of cleaner burning stoves and fuels would have far-reaching benefits. This added weight to their earlier research which had estimated that cookstoves produce almost as much soot worldwide as diesel vehicles – 800,000 tonnes per year compared to 890,000 tonnes per year.With scientists in universal agreement that the only realistic way to tackle global warming is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, a sombre picture is painted of natural disasters like flood and drought, food shortages and refugee crises if nothing is done to tackle climate change. Politicians are taking note; indeed, in a speech in November 2007 in the run up to the United Nations Climate Change conference in Bali, Prime Minster Gordon Brown said the UK's aim for any policies coming out of the negotiations was a 50% cut in global greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. Yet biomass burning on traditional cook stoves – in other words using fuels like wood, dung, and crop residues for cooking and heating - is carried out by half the worlds population and may be a significant driver for global warming. In fact, as long ago as 1990 it was estimated that the overall contribution of biomass stoves to global warming was about 2% [1] while other research indicated that the Global Warming Commitment (GWM) of a meal cooked on a biomass stove can actually exceed that of fossil fuels, even if based on renewably harvested fuel. [2] So whats the process? Greenhouse gases (GHG) and chemically active gases are formed as direct combustion products, especially so when stoves are not 100% efficient. Although CO2, the principle gas produced by biomass combustion is the best known greenhouse gas, it is by no means the only one. Other products of incomplete combustion include carbon monoxide and methane, the latter being a much worse GHG than CO2. Previous calculations by the charity [3] have shown that if an energy efficient stove replaced a traditional cook stove it could save around 1.5 tonnes of CO2 per year - enough to offset the carbon footprint created by a return flight from London to New York.  Multiply that by all the inefficient cook stoves being used across the world today and that equates to some 750 million tonnes of CO2 a year that could be eradicated. Headlines about the impact of cook stoves on climate are becoming more common -  ‘Asia as bad as West for Global Warming, says study by US and ‘Soot from wood stoves in developing world impacts global warming more than expected just two examples of alarming stories carried by the UKs Independent newspaper [4] and the American Chemical Society [5] respectively. The Independent article, based on a study appearing in the prestigious academic journal Nature, revealed that massive brown clouds over the Indian Ocean were a direct result of cooking on traditional stoves. Scientists sent monitoring devices into the hazy clouds above the Maldives and found that the pollution added to the heating of the atmosphere by about 50 per cent and was a major factor in the melting of the Himalayan glaciers. The author of the study said he was hopeful the findings would spur regional governments to step up efforts to replace wood-burning stoves. Almost a year earlier a widely published story carried results from a field test in Honduras which suggested harmful smoke particles from cookstoves could have a much greater impact on global climate change than previously thought. In fact, based on control studies carried out in the laboratory, the authors found the stoves produced two times more smoke particles than expected. Given that traditional cookstoves are used for more than two billion people worldwide on a daily basis, the study concluded that the use of cleaner burning stoves and fuels would have far-reaching benefits. This added weight to their earlier research which had estimated that cookstoves produce almost as much soot worldwide as diesel vehicles – 800,000 tonnes per year compared to 890,000 tonnes per year.With scientists in universal agreement that the only realistic way to tackle global warming is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, a sombre picture is painted of natural disasters like flood and drought, food shortages and refugee crises if nothing is done to tackle climate change. Politicians are taking note; indeed, in a speech in November 2007 in the run up to the United Nations Climate Change conference in Bali, Prime Minster Gordon Brown said the UK's aim for any policies coming out of the negotiations was a 50% cut in global greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. Yet biomass burning on traditional cook stoves – in other words using fuels like wood, dung, and crop residues for cooking and heating - is carried out by half the worlds population and may be a significant driver for global warming. In fact, as long ago as 1990 it was estimated that the overall contribution of biomass stoves to global warming was about 2% [1] while other research indicated that the Global Warming Commitment (GWM) of a meal cooked on a biomass stove can actually exceed that of fossil fuels, even if based on renewably harvested fuel. [2] So whats the process? Greenhouse gases (GHG) and chemically active gases are formed as direct combustion products, especially so when stoves are not 100% efficient. Although CO2, the principle gas produced by biomass combustion is the best known greenhouse gas, it is by no means the only one. Other products of incomplete combustion include carbon monoxide and methane, the latter being a much worse GHG than CO2. Previous calculations by the charity [3] have shown that if an energy efficient stove replaced a traditional cook stove it could save around 1.5 tonnes of CO2 per year - enough to offset the carbon footprint created by a return flight from London to New York.  Multiply that by all the inefficient cook stoves being used across the world today and that equates to some 750 million tonnes of CO2 a year that could be eradicated. Headlines about the impact of cook stoves on climate are becoming more common -  ‘Asia as bad as West for Global Warming, says study by US and ‘Soot from wood stoves in developing world impacts global warming more than expected just two examples of alarming stories carried by the UKs Independent newspaper [4] and the American Chemical Society [5] respectively. The Independent article, based on a study appearing in the prestigious academic journal Nature, revealed that massive brown clouds over the Indian Ocean were a direct result of cooking on traditional stoves. Scientists sent monitoring devices into the hazy clouds above the Maldives and found that the pollution added to the heating of the atmosphere by about 50 per cent and was a major factor in the melting of the Himalayan glaciers. The author of the study said he was hopeful the findings would spur regional governments to step up efforts to replace wood-burning stoves. Almost a year earlier a widely published story carried results from a field test in Honduras which suggested harmful smoke particles from cookstoves could have a much greater impact on global climate change than previously thought. In fact, based on control studies carried out in the laboratory, the authors found the stoves produced two times more smoke particles than expected. Given that traditional cookstoves are used for more than two billion people worldwide on a daily basis, the study concluded that the use of cleaner burning stoves and fuels would have far-reaching benefits. This added weight to their earlier research which had estimated that cookstoves produce almost as much soot worldwide as diesel vehicles – 800,000 tonnes per year compared to 890,000 tonnes per year.With scientists in universal agreement that the only realistic way to tackle global warming is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, a sombre picture is painted of natural disasters like flood and drought, food shortages and refugee crises if nothing is done to tackle climate change. Politicians are taking note; indeed, in a speech in November 2007 in the run up to the United Nations Climate Change conference in Bali, Prime Minster Gordon Brown said the UK's aim for any policies coming out of the negotiations was a 50% cut in global greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. Yet biomass burning on traditional cook stoves – in other words using fuels like wood, dung, and crop residues for cooking and heating - is carried out by half the worlds population and may be a significant driver for global warming. In fact, as long ago as 1990 it was estimated that the overall contribution of biomass stoves to global warming was about 2% [1] while other research indicated that the Global Warming Commitment (GWM) of a meal cooked on a biomass stove can actually exceed that of fossil fuels, even if based on renewably harvested fuel. [2] So whats the process? Greenhouse gases (GHG) and chemically active gases are formed as direct combustion products, especially so when stoves are not 100% efficient. Although CO2, the principle gas produced by biomass combustion is the best known greenhouse gas, it is by no means the only one. Other products of incomplete combustion include carbon monoxide and methane, the latter being a much worse GHG than CO2. Previous calculations by the charity [3] have shown that if an energy efficient stove replaced a traditional cook stove it could save around 1.5 tonnes of CO2 per year - enough to offset the carbon footprint created by a return flight from London to New York.  Multiply that by all the inefficient cook stoves being used across the world today and that equates to some 750 million tonnes of CO2 a year that could be eradicated. Headlines about the impact of cook stoves on climate are becoming more common -  ‘Asia as bad as West for Global Warming, says study by US and ‘Soot from wood stoves in developing world impacts global warming more than expected just two examples of alarming stories carried by the UKs Independent newspaper [4] and the American Chemical Society [5] respectively. The Independent article, based on a study appearing in the prestigious academic journal Nature, revealed that massive brown clouds over the Indian Ocean were a direct result of cooking on traditional stoves. Scientists sent monitoring devices into the hazy clouds above the Maldives and found that the pollution added to the heating of the atmosphere by about 50 per cent and was a major factor in the melting of the Himalayan glaciers. The author of the study said he was hopeful the findings would spur regional governments to step up efforts to replace wood-burning stoves. Almost a year earlier a widely published story carried results from a field test in Honduras which suggested harmful smoke particles from cookstoves could have a much greater impact on global climate change than previously thought. In fact, based on control studies carried out in the laboratory, the authors found the stoves produced two times more smoke particles than expected. Given that traditional cookstoves are used for more than two billion people worldwide on a daily basis, the study concluded that the use of cleaner burning stoves and fuels would have far-reaching benefits. This added weight to their earlier research which had estimated that cookstoves produce almost as much soot worldwide as diesel vehicles – 800,000 tonnes per year compared to 890,000 tonnes per year.With scientists in universal agreement that the only realistic way to tackle global warming is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, a sombre picture is painted of natural disasters like flood and drought, food shortages and refugee crises if nothing is done to tackle climate change. Politicians are taking note; indeed, in a speech in November 2007 in the run up to the United Nations Climate Change conference in Bali, Prime Minster Gordon Brown said the UK's aim for any policies coming out of the negotiations was a 50% cut in global greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. Yet biomass burning on traditional cook stoves – in other words using fuels like wood, dung, and crop residues for cooking and heating - is carried out by half the worlds population and may be a significant driver for global warming. In fact, as long ago as 1990 it was estimated that the overall contribution of biomass stoves to global warming was about 2% [1] while other research indicated that the Global Warming Commitment (GWM) of a meal cooked on a biomass stove can actually exceed that of fossil fuels, even if based on renewably harvested fuel. [2] So whats the process? Greenhouse gases (GHG) and chemically active gases are formed as direct combustion products, especially so when stoves are not 100% efficient. Although CO2, the principle gas produced by biomass combustion is the best known greenhouse gas, it is by no means the only one. Other products of incomplete combustion include carbon monoxide and methane, the latter being a much worse GHG than CO2. Previous calculations by the charity [3] have shown that if an energy efficient stove replaced a traditional cook stove it could save around 1.5 tonnes of CO2 per year - enough to offset the carbon footprint created by a return flight from London to New York.  Multiply that by all the inefficient cook stoves being used across the world today and that equates to some 750 million tonnes of CO2 a year that could be eradicated. Headlines about the impact of cook stoves on climate are becoming more common -  ‘Asia as bad as West for Global Warming, says study by US and ‘Soot from wood stoves in developing world impacts global warming more than expected just two examples of alarming stories carried by the UKs Independent newspaper [4] and the American Chemical Society [5] respectively. The Independent article, based on a study appearing in the prestigious academic journal Nature, revealed that massive brown clouds over the Indian Ocean were a direct result of cooking on traditional stoves. Scientists sent monitoring devices into the hazy clouds above the Maldives and found that the pollution added to the heating of the atmosphere by about 50 per cent and was a major factor in the melting of the Himalayan glaciers. The author of the study said he was hopeful the findings would spur regional governments to step up efforts to replace wood-burning stoves. Almost a year earlier a widely published story carried results from a field test in Honduras which suggested harmful smoke particles from cookstoves could have a much greater impact on global climate change than previously thought. In fact, based on control studies carried out in the laboratory, the authors found the stoves produced two times more smoke particles than expected. Given that traditional cookstoves are used for more than two billion people worldwide on a daily basis, the study concluded that the use of cleaner burning stoves and fuels would have far-reaching benefits. This added weight to their earlier research which had estimated that cookstoves produce almost as much soot worldwide as diesel vehicles – 800,000 tonnes per year compared to 890,000 tonnes per year.With scientists in universal agreement that the only realistic way to tackle global warming is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, a sombre picture is painted of natural disasters like flood and drought, food shortages and refugee crises if nothing is done to tackle climate change. Politicians are taking note; indeed, in a speech in November 2007 in the run up to the United Nations Climate Change conference in Bali, Prime Minster Gordon Brown said the UK's aim for any policies coming out of the negotiations was a 50% cut in global greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. Yet biomass burning on traditional cook stoves – in other words using fuels like wood, dung, and crop residues for cooking and heating - is carried out by half the worlds population and may be a significant driver for global warming. In fact, as long ago as 1990 it was estimated that the overall contribution of biomass stoves to global warming was about 2% [1] while other research indicated that the Global Warming Commitment (GWM) of a meal cooked on a biomass stove can actually exceed that of fossil fuels, even if based on renewably harvested fuel. [2] So whats the process? Greenhouse gases (GHG) and chemically active gases are formed as direct combustion products, especially so when stoves are not 100% efficient. Although CO2, the principle gas produced by biomass combustion is the best known greenhouse gas, it is by no means the only one. Other products of incomplete combustion include carbon monoxide and methane, the latter being a much worse GHG than CO2. Previous calculations by the charity [3] have shown that if an energy efficient stove replaced a traditional cook stove it could save around 1.5 tonnes of CO2 per year - enough to offset the carbon footprint created by a return flight from London to New York.  Multiply that by all the inefficient cook stoves being used across the world today and that equates to some 750 million tonnes of CO2 a year that could be eradicated. Headlines about the impact of cook stoves on climate are becoming more common -  ‘Asia as bad as West for Global Warming, says study by US and ‘Soot from wood stoves in developing world impacts global warming more than expected just two examples of alarming stories carried by the UKs Independent newspaper [4] and the American Chemical Society [5] respectively. The Independent article, based on a study appearing in the prestigious academic journal Nature, revealed that massive brown clouds over the Indian Ocean were a direct result of cooking on traditional stoves. Scientists sent monitoring devices into the hazy clouds above the Maldives and found that the pollution added to the heating of the atmosphere by about 50 per cent and was a major factor in the melting of the Himalayan glaciers. The author of the study said he was hopeful the findings would spur regional governments to step up efforts to replace wood-burning stoves. Almost a year earlier a widely published story carried results from a field test in Honduras which suggested harmful smoke particles from cookstoves could have a much greater impact on global climate change than previously thought. In fact, based on control studies carried out in the laboratory, the authors found the stoves produced two times more smoke particles than expected. Given that traditional cookstoves are used for more than two billion people worldwide on a daily basis, the study concluded that the use of cleaner burning stoves and fuels would have far-reaching benefits. This added weight to their earlier research which had estimated that cookstoves produce almost as much soot worldwide as diesel vehicles – 800,000 tonnes per year compared to 890,000 tonnes per year.With scientists in universal agreement that the only realistic way to tackle global warming is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, a sombre picture is painted of natural disasters like flood and drought, food shortages and refugee crises if nothing is done to tackle climate change. Politicians are taking note; indeed, in a speech in November 2007 in the run up to the United Nations Climate Change conference in Bali, Prime Minster Gordon Brown said the UK's aim for any policies coming out of the negotiations was a 50% cut in global greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. Yet biomass burning on traditional cook stoves – in other words using fuels like wood, dung, and crop residues for cooking and heating - is carried out by half the worlds population and may be a significant driver for global warming. In fact, as long ago as 1990 it was estimated that the overall contribution of biomass stoves to global warming was about 2% [1] while other research indicated that the Global Warming Commitment (GWM) of a meal cooked on a biomass stove can actually exceed that of fossil fuels, even if based on renewably harvested fuel. [2] So whats the process? Greenhouse gases (GHG) and chemically active gases are formed as direct combustion products, especially so when stoves are not 100% efficient. Although CO2, the principle gas produced by biomass combustion is the best known greenhouse gas, it is by no means the only one. Other products of incomplete combustion include carbon monoxide and methane, the latter being a much worse GHG than CO2. Previous calculations by the charity [3] have shown that if an energy efficient stove replaced a traditional cook stove it could save around 1.5 tonnes of CO2 per year - enough to offset the carbon footprint created by a return flight from London to New York.  Multiply that by all the inefficient cook stoves being used across the world today and that equates to some 750 million tonnes of CO2 a year that could be eradicated. Headlines about the impact of cook stoves on climate are becoming more common -  ‘Asia as bad as West for Global Warming, says study by US and ‘Soot from wood stoves in developing world impacts global warming more than expected just two examples of alarming stories carried by the UKs Independent newspaper [4] and the American Chemical Society [5] respectively. The Independent article, based on a study appearing in the prestigious academic journal Nature, revealed that massive brown clouds over the Indian Ocean were a direct result of cooking on traditional stoves. Scientists sent monitoring devices into the hazy clouds above the Maldives and found that the pollution added to the heating of the atmosphere by about 50 per cent and was a major factor in the melting of the Himalayan glaciers. The author of the study said he was hopeful the findings would spur regional governments to step up efforts to replace wood-burning stoves. Almost a year earlier a widely published story carried results from a field test in Honduras which suggested harmful smoke particles from cookstoves could have a much greater impact on global climate change than previously thought. In fact, based on control studies carried out in the laboratory, the authors found the stoves produced two times more smoke particles than expected. Given that traditional cookstoves are used for more than two billion people worldwide on a daily basis, the study concluded that the use of cleaner burning stoves and fuels would have far-reaching benefits. This added weight to their earlier research which had estimated that cookstoves produce almost as much soot worldwide as diesel vehicles – 800,000 tonnes per year compared to 890,000 tonnes per year.With scientists in universal agreement that the only realistic way to tackle global warming is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, a sombre picture is painted of natural disasters like flood and drought, food shortages and refugee crises if nothing is done to tackle climate change. Politicians are taking note; indeed, in a speech in November 2007 in the run up to the United Nations Climate Change conference in Bali, Prime Minster Gordon Brown said the UK's aim for any policies coming out of the negotiations was a 50% cut in global greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. Yet biomass burning on traditional cook stoves – in other words using fuels like wood, dung, and crop residues for cooking and heating - is carried out by half the worlds population and may be a significant driver for global warming. In fact, as long ago as 1990 it was estimated that the overall contribution of biomass stoves to global warming was about 2% [1] while other research indicated that the Global Warming Commitment (GWM) of a meal cooked on a biomass stove can actually exceed that of fossil fuels, even if based on renewably harvested fuel. [2] So whats the process? Greenhouse gases (GHG) and chemically active gases are formed as direct combustion products, especially so when stoves are not 100% efficient. Although CO2, the principle gas produced by biomass combustion is the best known greenhouse gas, it is by no means the only one. Other products of incomplete combustion include carbon monoxide and methane, the latter being a much worse GHG than CO2. Previous calculations by the charity [3] have shown that if an energy efficient stove replaced a traditional cook stove it could save around 1.5 tonnes of CO2 per year - enough to offset the carbon footprint created by a return flight from London to New York.  Multiply that by all the inefficient cook stoves being used across the world today and that equates to some 750 million tonnes of CO2 a year that could be eradicated. Headlines about the impact of cook stoves on climate are becoming more common -  ‘Asia as bad as West for Global Warming, says study by US and ‘Soot from wood stoves in developing world impacts global warming more than expected just two examples of alarming stories carried by the UKs Independent newspaper [4] and the American Chemical Society [5] respectively. The Independent article, based on a study appearing in the prestigious academic journal Nature, revealed that massive brown clouds over the Indian Ocean were a direct result of cooking on traditional stoves. Scientists sent monitoring devices into the hazy clouds above the Maldives and found that the pollution added to the heating of the atmosphere by about 50 per cent and was a major factor in the melting of the Himalayan glaciers. The author of the study said he was hopeful the findings would spur regional governments to step up efforts to replace wood-burning stoves. Almost a year earlier a widely published story carried results from a field test in Honduras which suggested harmful smoke particles from cookstoves could have a much greater impact on global climate change than previously thought. In fact, based on control studies carried out in the laboratory, the authors found the stoves produced two times more smoke particles than expected. Given that traditional cookstoves are used for more than two billion people worldwide on a daily basis, the study concluded that the use of cleaner burning stoves and fuels would have far-reaching benefits. This added weight to their earlier research which had estimated that cookstoves produce almost as much soot worldwide as diesel vehicles – 800,000 tonnes per year compared to 890,000 tonnes per year.With scientists in universal agreement that the only realistic way to tackle global warming is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, a sombre picture is painted of natural disasters like flood and drought, food shortages and refugee crises if nothing is done to tackle climate change. Politicians are taking note; indeed, in a speech in November 2007 in the run up to the United Nations Climate Change conference in Bali, Prime Minster Gordon Brown said the UK's aim for any policies coming out of the negotiations was a 50% cut in global greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. Yet biomass burning on traditional cook stoves – in other words using fuels like wood, dung, and crop residues for cooking and heating - is carried out by half the worlds population and may be a significant driver for global warming. In fact, as long ago as 1990 it was estimated that the overall contribution of biomass stoves to global warming was about 2% [1] while other research indicated that the Global Warming Commitment (GWM) of a meal cooked on a biomass stove can actually exceed that of fossil fuels, even if based on renewably harvested fuel. [2] So whats the process? Greenhouse gases (GHG) and chemically active gases are formed as direct combustion products, especially so when stoves are not 100% efficient. Although CO2, the principle gas produced by biomass combustion is the best known greenhouse gas, it is by no means the only one. Other products of incomplete combustion include carbon monoxide and methane, the latter being a much worse GHG than CO2. Previous calculations by the charity [3] have shown that if an energy efficient stove replaced a traditional cook stove it could save around 1.5 tonnes of CO2 per year - enough to offset the carbon footprint created by a return flight from London to New York.  Multiply that by all the inefficient cook stoves being used across the world today and that equates to some 750 million tonnes of CO2 a year that could be eradicated. Headlines about the impact of cook stoves on climate are becoming more common -  ‘Asia as bad as West for Global Warming, says study by US and ‘Soot from wood stoves in developing world impacts global warming more than expected just two examples of alarming stories carried by the UKs Independent newspaper [4] and the American Chemical Society [5] respectively. The Independent article, based on a study appearing in the prestigious academic journal Nature, revealed that massive brown clouds over the Indian Ocean were a direct result of cooking on traditional stoves. Scientists sent monitoring devices into the hazy clouds above the Maldives and found that the pollution added to the heating of the atmosphere by about 50 per cent and was a major factor in the melting of the Himalayan glaciers. The author of the study said he was hopeful the findings would spur regional governments to step up efforts to replace wood-burning stoves. Almost a year earlier a widely published story carried results from a field test in Honduras which suggested harmful smoke particles from cookstoves could have a much greater impact on global climate change than previously thought. In fact, based on control studies carried out in the laboratory, the authors found the stoves produced two times more smoke particles than expected. Given that traditional cookstoves are used for more than two billion people worldwide on a daily basis, the study concluded that the use of cleaner burning stoves and fuels would have far-reaching benefits. This added weight to their earlier research which had estimated that cookstoves produce almost as much soot worldwide as diesel vehicles – 800,000 tonnes per year compared to 890,000 tonnes per year.With scientists in universal agreement that the only realistic way to tackle global warming is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, a sombre picture is painted of natural disasters like flood and drought, food shortages and refugee crises if nothing is done to tackle climate change. Politicians are taking note; indeed, in a speech in November 2007 in the run up to the United Nations Climate Change conference in Bali, Prime Minster Gordon Brown said the UK's aim for any policies coming out of the negotiations was a 50% cut in global greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. Yet biomass burning on traditional cook stoves – in other words using fuels like wood, dung, and crop residues for cooking and heating - is carried out by half the worlds population and may be a significant driver for global warming. In fact, as long ago as 1990 it was estimated that the overall contribution of biomass stoves to global warming was about 2% [1] while other research indicated that the Global Warming Commitment (GWM) of a meal cooked on a biomass stove can actually exceed that of fossil fuels, even if based on renewably harvested fuel. [2] So whats the process? Greenhouse gases (GHG) and chemically active gases are formed as direct combustion products, especially so when stoves are not 100% efficient. Although CO2, the principle gas produced by biomass combustion is the best known greenhouse gas, it is by no means the only one. Other products of incomplete combustion include carbon monoxide and methane, the latter being a much worse GHG than CO2. Previous calculations by the charity [3] have shown that if an energy efficient stove replaced a traditional cook stove it could save around 1.5 tonnes of CO2 per year - enough to offset the carbon footprint created by a return flight from London to New York.  Multiply that by all the inefficient cook stoves being used across the world today and that equates to some 750 million tonnes of CO2 a year that could be eradicated. Headlines about the impact of cook stoves on climate are becoming more common -  ‘Asia as bad as West for Global Warming, says study by US and ‘Soot from wood stoves in developing world impacts global warming more than expected just two examples of alarming stories carried by the UKs Independent newspaper [4] and the American Chemical Society [5] respectively. The Independent article, based on a study appearing in the prestigious academic journal Nature, revealed that massive brown clouds over the Indian Ocean were a direct result of cooking on traditional stoves. Scientists sent monitoring devices into the hazy clouds above the Maldives and found that the pollution added to the heating of the atmosphere by about 50 per cent and was a major factor in the melting of the Himalayan glaciers. The author of the study said he was hopeful the findings would spur regional governments to step up efforts to replace wood-burning stoves. Almost a year earlier a widely published story carried results from a field test in Honduras which suggested harmful smoke particles from cookstoves could have a much greater impact on global climate change than previously thought. In fact, based on control studies carried out in the laboratory, the authors found the stoves produced two times more smoke particles than expected. Given that traditional cookstoves are used for more than two billion people worldwide on a daily basis, the study concluded that the use of cleaner burning stoves and fuels would have far-reaching benefits. This added weight to their earlier research which had estimated that cookstoves produce almost as much soot worldwide as diesel vehicles – 800,000 tonnes per year compared to 890,000 tonnes per year.With scientists in universal agreement that the only realistic way to tackle global warming is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, a sombre picture is painted of natural disasters like flood and drought, food shortages and refugee crises if nothing is done to tackle climate change. Politicians are taking note; indeed, in a speech in November 2007 in the run up to the United Nations Climate Change conference in Bali, Prime Minster Gordon Brown said the UK's aim for any policies coming out of the negotiations was a 50% cut in global greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. Yet biomass burning on traditional cook stoves – in other words using fuels like wood, dung, and crop residues for cooking and heating - is carried out by half the worlds population and may be a significant driver for global warming. In fact, as long ago as 1990 it was estimated that the overall contribution of biomass stoves to global warming was about 2% [1] while other research indicated that the Global Warming Commitment (GWM) of a meal cooked on a biomass stove can actually exceed that of fossil fuels, even if based on renewably harvested fuel. [2] So whats the process? Greenhouse gases (GHG) and chemically active gases are formed as direct combustion products, especially so when stoves are not 100% efficient. Although CO2, the principle gas produced by biomass combustion is the best known greenhouse gas, it is by no means the only one. Other products of incomplete combustion include carbon monoxide and methane, the latter being a much worse GHG than CO2. Previous calculations by the charity [3] have shown that if an energy efficient stove replaced a traditional cook stove it could save around 1.5 tonnes of CO2 per year - enough to offset the carbon footprint created by a return flight from London to New York.  Multiply that by all the inefficient cook stoves being used across the world today and that equates to some 750 million tonnes of CO2 a year that could be eradicated. Headlines about the impact of cook stoves on climate are becoming more common -  ‘Asia as bad as West for Global Warming, says study by US and ‘Soot from wood stoves in developing world impacts global warming more than expected just two examples of alarming stories carried by the UKs Independent newspaper [4] and the American Chemical Society [5] respectively. The Independent article, based on a study appearing in the prestigious academic journal Nature, revealed that massive brown clouds over the Indian Ocean were a direct result of cooking on traditional stoves. Scientists sent monitoring devices into the hazy clouds above the Maldives and found that the pollution added to the heating of the atmosphere by about 50 per cent and was a major factor in the melting of the Himalayan glaciers. The author of the study said he was hopeful the findings would spur regional governments to step up efforts to replace wood-burning stoves. Almost a year earlier a widely published story carried results from a field test in Honduras which suggested harmful smoke particles from cookstoves could have a much greater impact on global climate change than previously thought. In fact, based on control studies carried out in the laboratory, the authors found the stoves produced two times more smoke particles than expected. Given that traditional cookstoves are used for more than two billion people worldwide on a daily basis, the study concluded that the use of cleaner burning stoves and fuels would have far-reaching benefits. This added weight to their earlier research which had estimated that cookstoves produce almost as much soot worldwide as diesel vehicles – 800,000 tonnes per year compared to 890,000 tonnes per year.With scientists in universal agreement that the only realistic way to tackle global warming is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, a sombre picture is painted of natural disasters like flood and drought, food shortages and refugee crises if nothing is done to tackle climate change. Politicians are taking note; indeed, in a speech in November 2007 in the run up to the United Nations Climate Change conference in Bali, Prime Minster Gordon Brown said the UK's aim for any policies coming out of the negotiations was a 50% cut in global greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. Yet biomass burning on traditional cook stoves – in other words using fuels like wood, dung, and crop residues for cooking and heating - is carried out by half the worlds population and may be a significant driver for global warming. In fact, as long ago as 1990 it was estimated that the overall contribution of biomass stoves to global warming was about 2% [1] while other research indicated that the Global Warming Commitment (GWM) of a meal cooked on a biomass stove can actually exceed that of fossil fuels, even if based on renewably harvested fuel. [2] So whats the process? Greenhouse gases (GHG) and chemically active gases are formed as direct combustion products, especially so when stoves are not 100% efficient. Although CO2, the principle gas produced by biomass combustion is the best known greenhouse gas, it is by no means the only one. Other products of incomplete combustion include carbon monoxide and methane, the latter being a much worse GHG than CO2. Previous calculations by the charity [3] have shown that if an energy efficient stove replaced a traditional cook stove it could save around 1.5 tonnes of CO2 per year - enough to offset the carbon footprint created by a return flight from London to New York.  Multiply that by all the inefficient cook stoves being used across the world today and that equates to some 750 million tonnes of CO2 a year that could be eradicated. Headlines about the impact of cook stoves on climate are becoming more common -  ‘Asia as bad as West for Global Warming, says study by US and ‘Soot from wood stoves in developing world impacts global warming more than expected just two examples of alarming stories carried by the UKs Independent newspaper [4] and the American Chemical Society [5] respectively. The Independent article, based on a study appearing in the prestigious academic journal Nature, revealed that massive brown clouds over the Indian Ocean were a direct result of cooking on traditional stoves. Scientists sent monitoring devices into the hazy clouds above the Maldives and found that the pollution added to the heating of the atmosphere by about 50 per cent and was a major factor in the melting of the Himalayan glaciers. The author of the study said he was hopeful the findings would spur regional governments to step up efforts to replace wood-burning stoves. Almost a year earlier a widely published story carried results from a field test in Honduras which suggested harmful smoke particles from cookstoves could have a much greater impact on global climate change than previously thought. In fact, based on control studies carried out in the laboratory, the authors found the stoves produced two times more smoke particles than expected. Given that traditional cookstoves are used for more than two billion people worldwide on a daily basis, the study concluded that the use of cleaner burning stoves and fuels would have far-reaching benefits. This added weight to their earlier research which had estimated that cookstoves produce almost as much soot worldwide as diesel vehicles – 800,000 tonnes per year compared to 890,000 tonnes per year.With scientists in universal agreement that the only realistic way to tackle global warming is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, a sombre picture is painted of natural disasters like flood and drought, food shortages and refugee crises if nothing is done to tackle climate change. Politicians are taking note; indeed, in a speech in November 2007 in the run up to the United Nations Climate Change conference in Bali, Prime Minster Gordon Brown said the UK's aim for any policies coming out of the negotiations was a 50% cut in global greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. Yet biomass burning on traditional cook stoves – in other words using fuels like wood, dung, and crop residues for cooking and heating - is carried out by half the worlds population and may be a significant driver for global warming. In fact, as long ago as 1990 it was estimated that the overall contribution of biomass stoves to global warming was about 2% [1] while other research indicated that the Global Warming Commitment (GWM) of a meal cooked on a biomass stove can actually exceed that of fossil fuels, even if based on renewably harvested fuel. [2] So whats the process? Greenhouse gases (GHG) and chemically active gases are formed as direct combustion products, especially so when stoves are not 100% efficient. Although CO2, the principle gas produced by biomass combustion is the best known greenhouse gas, it is by no means the only one. Other products of incomplete combustion include carbon monoxide and methane, the latter being a much worse GHG than CO2. Previous calculations by the charity [3] have shown that if an energy efficient stove replaced a traditional cook stove it could save around 1.5 tonnes of CO2 per year - enough to offset the carbon footprint created by a return flight from London to New York.  Multiply that by all the inefficient cook stoves being used across the world today and that equates to some 750 million tonnes of CO2 a year that could be eradicated. Headlines about the impact of cook stoves on climate are becoming more common -  ‘Asia as bad as West for Global Warming, says study by US and ‘Soot from wood stoves in developing world impacts global warming more than expected just two examples of alarming stories carried by the UKs Independent newspaper [4] and the American Chemical Society [5] respectively. The Independent article, based on a study appearing in the prestigious academic journal Nature, revealed that massive brown clouds over the Indian Ocean were a direct result of cooking on traditional stoves. Scientists sent monitoring devices into the hazy clouds above the Maldives and found that the pollution added to the heating of the atmosphere by about 50 per cent and was a major factor in the melting of the Himalayan glaciers. The author of the study said he was hopeful the findings would spur regional governments to step up efforts to replace wood-burning stoves. Almost a year earlier a widely published story carried results from a field test in Honduras which suggested harmful smoke particles from cookstoves could have a much greater impact on global climate change than previously thought. In fact, based on control studies carried out in the laboratory, the authors found the stoves produced two times more smoke particles than expected. Given that traditional cookstoves are used for more than two billion people worldwide on a daily basis, the study concluded that the use of cleaner burning stoves and fuels would have far-reaching benefits. This added weight to their earlier research which had estimated that cookstoves produce almost as much soot worldwide as diesel vehicles – 800,000 tonnes per year compared to 890,000 tonnes per year.With scientists in universal agreement that the only realistic way to tackle global warming is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, a sombre picture is painted of natural disasters like flood and drought, food shortages and refugee crises if nothing is done to tackle climate change. Politicians are taking note; indeed, in a speech in November 2007 in the run up to the United Nations Climate Change conference in Bali, Prime Minster Gordon Brown said the UK's aim for any policies coming out of the negotiations was a 50% cut in global greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. Yet biomass burning on traditional cook stoves – in other words using fuels like wood, dung, and crop residues for cooking and heating - is carried out by half the worlds population and may be a significant driver for global warming. In fact, as long ago as 1990 it was estimated that the overall contribution of biomass stoves to global warming was about 2% [1] while other research indicated that the Global Warming Commitment (GWM) of a meal cooked on a biomass stove can actually exceed that of fossil fuels, even if based on renewably harvested fuel. [2] So whats the process? Greenhouse gases (GHG) and chemically active gases are formed as direct combustion products, especially so when stoves are not 100% efficient. Although CO2, the principle gas produced by biomass combustion is the best known greenhouse gas, it is by no means the only one. Other products of incomplete combustion include carbon monoxide and methane, the latter being a much worse GHG than CO2. Previous calculations by the charity [3] have shown that if an energy efficient stove replaced a traditional cook stove it could save around 1.5 tonnes of CO2 per year - enough to offset the carbon footprint created by a return flight from London to New York.  Multiply that by all the inefficient cook stoves being used across the world today and that equates to some 750 million tonnes of CO2 a year that could be eradicated. Headlines about the impact of cook stoves on climate are becoming more common -  ‘Asia as bad as West for Global Warming, says study by US and ‘Soot from wood stoves in developing world impacts global warming more than expected just two examples of alarming stories carried by the UKs Independent newspaper [4] and the American Chemical Society [5] respectively. The Independent article, based on a study appearing in the prestigious academic journal Nature, revealed that massive brown clouds over the Indian Ocean were a direct result of cooking on traditional stoves. Scientists sent monitoring devices into the hazy clouds above the Maldives and found that the pollution added to the heating of the atmosphere by about 50 per cent and was a major factor in the melting of the Himalayan glaciers. The author of the study said he was hopeful the findings would spur regional governments to step up efforts to replace wood-burning stoves. Almost a year earlier a widely published story carried results from a field test in Honduras which suggested harmful smoke particles from cookstoves could have a much greater impact on global climate change than previously thought. In fact, based on control studies carried out in the laboratory, the authors found the stoves produced two times more smoke particles than expected. Given that traditional cookstoves are used for more than two billion people worldwide on a daily basis, the study concluded that the use of cleaner burning stoves and fuels would have far-reaching benefits. This added weight to their earlier research which had estimated that cookstoves produce almost as much soot worldwide as diesel vehicles – 800,000 tonnes per year compared to 890,000 tonnes per year.With scientists in universal agreement that the only realistic way to tackle global warming is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, a sombre picture is painted of natural disasters like flood and drought, food shortages and refugee crises if nothing is done to tackle climate change. Politicians are taking note; indeed, in a speech in November 2007 in the run up to the United Nations Climate Change conference in Bali, Prime Minster Gordon Brown said the UK's aim for any policies coming out of the negotiations was a 50% cut in global greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. Yet biomass burning on traditional cook stoves – in other words using fuels like wood, dung, and crop residues for cooking and heating - is carried out by half the worlds population and may be a significant driver for global warming. In fact, as long ago as 1990 it was estimated that the overall contribution of biomass stoves to global warming was about 2% [1] while other research indicated that the Global Warming Commitment (GWM) of a meal cooked on a biomass stove can actually exceed that of fossil fuels, even if based on renewably harvested fuel. [2] So whats the process? Greenhouse gases (GHG) and chemically active gases are formed as direct combustion products, especially so when stoves are not 100% efficient. Although CO2, the principle gas produced by biomass combustion is the best known greenhouse gas, it is by no means the only one. Other products of incomplete combustion include carbon monoxide and methane, the latter being a much worse GHG than CO2. Previous calculations by the charity [3] have shown that if an energy efficient stove replaced a traditional cook stove it could save around 1.5 tonnes of CO2 per year - enough to offset the carbon footprint created by a return flight from London to New York.  Multiply that by all the inefficient cook stoves being used across the world today and that equates to some 750 million tonnes of CO2 a year that could be eradicated. Headlines about the impact of cook stoves on climate are becoming more common -  ‘Asia as bad as West for Global Warming, says study by US and ‘Soot from wood stoves in developing world impacts global warming more than expected just two examples of alarming stories carried by the UKs Independent newspaper [4] and the American Chemical Society [5] respectively. The Independent article, based on a study appearing in the prestigious academic journal Nature, revealed that massive brown clouds over the Indian Ocean were a direct result of cooking on traditional stoves. Scientists sent monitoring devices into the hazy clouds above the Maldives and found that the pollution added to the heating of the atmosphere by about 50 per cent and was a major factor in the melting of the Himalayan glaciers. The author of the study said he was hopeful the findings would spur regional governments to step up efforts to replace wood-burning stoves. Almost a year earlier a widely published story carried results from a field test in Honduras which suggested harmful smoke particles from cookstoves could have a much greater impact on global climate change than previously thought. In fact, based on control studies carried out in the laboratory, the authors found the stoves produced two times more smoke particles than expected. Given that traditional cookstoves are used for more than two billion people worldwide on a daily basis, the study concluded that the use of cleaner burning stoves and fuels would have far-reaching benefits. This added weight to their earlier research which had estimated that cookstoves produce almost as much soot worldwide as diesel vehicles – 800,000 tonnes per year compared to 890,000 tonnes per year.With scientists in universal agreement that the only realistic way to tackle global warming is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, a sombre picture is painted of natural disasters like flood and drought, food shortages and refugee crises if nothing is done to tackle climate change. Politicians are taking note; indeed, in a speech in November 2007 in the run up to the United Nations Climate Change conference in Bali, Prime Minster Gordon Brown said the UK's aim for any policies coming out of the negotiations was a 50% cut in global greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. Yet biomass burning on traditional cook stoves – in other words using fuels like wood, dung, and crop residues for cooking and heating - is carried out by half the worlds population and may be a significant driver for global warming. In fact, as long ago as 1990 it was estimated that the overall contribution of biomass stoves to global warming was about 2% [1] while other research indicated that the Global Warming Commitment (GWM) of a meal cooked on a biomass stove can actually exceed that of fossil fuels, even if based on renewably harvested fuel. [2] So whats the process? Greenhouse gases (GHG) and chemically active gases are formed as direct combustion products, especially so when stoves are not 100% efficient. Although CO2, the principle gas produced by biomass combustion is the best known greenhouse gas, it is by no means the only one. Other products of incomplete combustion include carbon monoxide and methane, the latter being a much worse GHG than CO2. Previous calculations by the charity [3] have shown that if an energy efficient stove replaced a traditional cook stove it could save around 1.5 tonnes of CO2 per year - enough to offset the carbon footprint created by a return flight from London to New York.  Multiply that by all the inefficient cook stoves being used across the world today and that equates to some 750 million tonnes of CO2 a year that could be eradicated. Headlines about the impact of cook stoves on climate are becoming more common -  ‘Asia as bad as West for Global Warming, says study by US and ‘Soot from wood stoves in developing world impacts global warming more than expected just two examples of alarming stories carried by the UKs Independent newspaper [4] and the American Chemical Society [5] respectively. The Independent article, based on a study appearing in the prestigious academic journal Nature, revealed that massive brown clouds over the Indian Ocean were a direct result of cooking on traditional stoves. Scientists sent monitoring devices into the hazy clouds above the Maldives and found that the pollution added to the heating of the atmosphere by about 50 per cent and was a major factor in the melting of the Himalayan glaciers. The author of the study said he was hopeful the findings would spur regional governments to step up efforts to replace wood-burning stoves. Almost a year earlier a widely published story carried results from a field test in Honduras which suggested harmful smoke particles from cookstoves could have a much greater impact on global climate change than previously thought. In fact, based on control studies carried out in the laboratory, the authors found the stoves produced two times more smoke particles than expected. Given that traditional cookstoves are used for more than two billion people worldwide on a daily basis, the study concluded that the use of cleaner burning stoves and fuels would have far-reaching benefits. This added weight to their earlier research which had estimated that cookstoves produce almost as much soot worldwide as diesel vehicles – 800,000 tonnes per year compared to 890,000 tonnes per year.With scientists in universal agreement that the only realistic way to tackle global warming is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, a sombre picture is painted of natural disasters like flood and drought, food shortages and refugee crises if nothing is done to tackle climate change. Politicians are taking note; indeed, in a speech in November 2007 in the run up to the United Nations Climate Change conference in Bali, Prime Minster Gordon Brown said the UK's aim for any policies coming out of the negotiations was a 50% cut in global greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. Yet biomass burning on traditional cook stoves – in other words using fuels like wood, dung, and crop residues for cooking and heating - is carried out by half the worlds population and may be a significant driver for global warming. In fact, as long ago as 1990 it was estimated that the overall contribution of biomass stoves to global warming was about 2% [1] while other research indicated that the Global Warming Commitment (GWM) of a meal cooked on a biomass stove can actually exceed that of fossil fuels, even if based on renewably harvested fuel. [2] So whats the process? Greenhouse gases (GHG) and chemically active gases are formed as direct combustion products, especially so when stoves are not 100% efficient. Although CO2, the principle gas produced by biomass combustion is the best known greenhouse gas, it is by no means the only one. Other products of incomplete combustion include carbon monoxide and methane, the latter being a much worse GHG than CO2. Previous calculations by the charity [3] have shown that if an energy efficient stove replaced a traditional cook stove it could save around 1.5 tonnes of CO2 per year - enough to offset the carbon footprint created by a return flight from London to New York.  Multiply that by all the inefficient cook stoves being used across the world today and that equates to some 750 million tonnes of CO2 a year that could be eradicated. Headlines about the impact of cook stoves on climate are becoming more common -  ‘Asia as bad as West for Global Warming, says study by US and ‘Soot from wood stoves in developing world impacts global warming more than expected just two examples of alarming stories carried by the UKs Independent newspaper [4] and the American Chemical Society [5] respectively. The Independent article, based on a study appearing in the prestigious academic journal Nature, revealed that massive brown clouds over the Indian Ocean were a direct result of cooking on traditional stoves. Scientists sent monitoring devices into the hazy clouds above the Maldives and found that the pollution added to the heating of the atmosphere by about 50 per cent and was a major factor in the melting of the Himalayan glaciers. The author of the study said he was hopeful the findings would spur regional governments to step up efforts to replace wood-burning stoves. Almost a year earlier a widely published story carried results from a field test in Honduras which suggested harmful smoke particles from cookstoves could have a much greater impact on global climate change than previously thought. In fact, based on control studies carried out in the laboratory, the authors found the stoves produced two times more smoke particles than expected. Given that traditional cookstoves are used for more than two billion people worldwide on a daily basis, the study concluded that the use of cleaner burning stoves and fuels would have far-reaching benefits. This added weight to their earlier research which had estimated that cookstoves produce almost as much soot worldwide as diesel vehicles – 800,000 tonnes per year compared to 890,000 tonnes per year.With scientists in universal agreement that the only realistic way to tackle global warming is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, a sombre picture is painted of natural disasters like flood and drought, food shortages and refugee crises if nothing is done to tackle climate change. Politicians are taking note; indeed, in a speech in November 2007 in the run up to the United Nations Climate Change conference in Bali, Prime Minster Gordon Brown said the UK's aim for any policies coming out of the negotiations was a 50% cut in global greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. Yet biomass burning on traditional cook stoves – in other words using fuels like wood, dung, and crop residues for cooking and heating - is carried out by half the worlds population and may be a significant driver for global warming. In fact, as long ago as 1990 it was estimated that the overall contribution of biomass stoves to global warming was about 2% [1] while other research indicated that the Global Warming Commitment (GWM) of a meal cooked on a biomass stove can actually exceed that of fossil fuels, even if based on renewably harvested fuel. [2] So whats the process? Greenhouse gases (GHG) and chemically active gases are formed as direct combustion products, especially so when stoves are not 100% efficient. Although CO2, the principle gas produced by biomass combustion is the best known greenhouse gas, it is by no means the only one. Other products of incomplete combustion include carbon monoxide and methane, the latter being a much worse GHG than CO2. Previous calculations by the charity [3] have shown that if an energy efficient stove replaced a traditional cook stove it could save around 1.5 tonnes of CO2 per year - enough to offset the carbon footprint created by a return flight from London to New York.  Multiply that by all the inefficient cook stoves being used across the world today and that equates to some 750 million tonnes of CO2 a year that could be eradicated. Headlines about the impact of cook stoves on climate are becoming more common -  ‘Asia as bad as West for Global Warming, says study by US and ‘Soot from wood stoves in developing world impacts global warming more than expected just two examples of alarming stories carried by the UKs Independent newspaper [4] and the American Chemical Society [5] respectively. The Independent article, based on a study appearing in the prestigious academic journal Nature, revealed that massive brown clouds over the Indian Ocean were a direct result of cooking on traditional stoves. Scientists sent monitoring devices into the hazy clouds above the Maldives and found that the pollution added to the heating of the atmosphere by about 50 per cent and was a major factor in the melting of the Himalayan glaciers. The author of the study said he was hopeful the findings would spur regional governments to step up efforts to replace wood-burning stoves. Almost a year earlier a widely published story carried results from a field test in Honduras which suggested harmful smoke particles from cookstoves could have a much greater impact on global climate change than previously thought. In fact, based on control studies carried out in the laboratory, the authors found the stoves produced two times more smoke particles than expected. Given that traditional cookstoves are used for more than two billion people worldwide on a daily basis, the study concluded that the use of cleaner burning stoves and fuels would have far-reaching benefits. This added weight to their earlier research which had estimated that cookstoves produce almost as much soot worldwide as diesel vehicles – 800,000 tonnes per year compared to 890,000 tonnes per year.So will a redesign to more combustion efficient modern cook stoves have a dramatic impact on climate change, both in terms of reducing the amount of gases emitted by each stove, but also due to less deforestation as families required less wood to produce energy? It goes without saying that improved biomass cook stoves are the best option for reducing the appalling death and disease from IAP caused by traditional cook stoves.  What is less clear is whether the evidence on the link to climate change is sufficiently compelling to persuade key opinion formers and policy makers to consider IAP in those terms in addition to health impacts. If it did prove to be persuasive then significant new programmes to get improved and more fuel efficient cook stoves to the masses could ensue. There is certainly consensus across the IAP expert community that carbon financing is a way to fund improved cookstove projects. The voluntary market already considers stove projects claiming CO2 reductions to be eligible as potential sources of carbon credits so it is feasible that finance from carbon trading could pay for large scale improvement programmes. A Shell Foundation backed project [6] to develop a new Patsari stove in Mexico achieved up to a 60% reduction in wood needed as fuel and an amazing 70% reduction in IAP. The study estimated that the new stoves prevented the annual emission of about 10,000 tonnes of CO2 equivalent. However, dealing on the Kyoto Protocols Clean Development Mechanism is proving immensely difficult due to the precise methodologies required. Not surprising, therefore, that only a handful of projects have so far been submitted, two projects from Nepal that replace conventional fuel sources for cooking (e.g. fuel wood and kerosene) with biogas taking three years and 300,000 US dollars to develop. Two other registered projects involve the installation of solar cookers to replace fuel wood in Indonesia and fossil fuels in India. There are also a few other projects still at the validation stage. Despite these barriers, the charity is hopeful that cooking with biomass on outdated and dangerous cookstoves will move towards centre stage as the global interest in climate change continues to explode. Admittedly the body of evidence could be bigger, but a direct link between Indoor Air Pollution and global warming that persuades governments to place as much emphasis on curtailing cookstove emissions as those from industry and cars is surely not that far off. References [1] Research needs for improving biofuel burning cookstove technologies Ahuja, D.R, 1990 Natural Resources Forum 14(2): 125—34 [2] arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.energy.25.1.741Greenhouse Implications of Household Stoves: Analysis for India K Smith et al, Annual review of Energy and the Environment Vol. 25: 741-763 (Volume publication date November 2000) [3] www.shellfoundation.org/pages/core_lines.php?p=corelines_inside_content&page=breathing&newsID=287Linking IAP to Climate Change - some key statistics [4] www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/asia-as-bad-as-west-for-global-warming-says-study-by-us-460076.html)Asia as bad as West for global warming, says study by US The Independent, 3 August 2007 [5] www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-10/acs-sfw102406.phpSoot From Wood Stoves In Developing World Impacts Global Warming More Than Expected - American Chemical Society, 24 October 2006 www.shellfoundation.org/pages/core_lines.php?p=corelines_inside_content&page=breathing&newsID=74[6] Shell Foundation stove project leads to significant health benefits for Mexican families Further Reading Greenhouse Gas Implications of Household Energy Technology in Kenya Bailis, R., Ezzati, M., and Kammen, D.M., Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 10, 2051 -2059, 2003,  10.1021/es026058q Carbon monoxide from cookstoves in developing countries: 1. Emission factors, J. Zhang, K. R. Smith et al www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6W67-3YF3NNG-10&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=aeee3e2c33980c42496c41b119b63847Chemosphere - Global Change Science Volume 1, Issues 1-3, August 1999, Pages 353-366 www.aprovecho.org/web-content/publications/assets/Global_warming_full_9-6-07.pdfLaboratory Comparison of the Global-Warming Potential of Six Categories of Biomass Cooking Stoves, Nordica MacCarty, Damon Ogle, Dean Still, Dr. Tami Bond, Christoph Roden, Dr. Bryan Willson, September 2007 Atmospheric science: Black carbon and brown clouds John Seinfeld, www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v1/n1/full/ngeo.2007.62.htmlNature Geoscience 1, 15 - 16 (2008) Low greenhouse gas biomass options for cooking in the developing countries, S. C. Bhattacharyaand P. Abdul Salam, www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V22-454TNNF-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=f681cb2455369fa3d67efdb00d1ff962Biomass and Bioenergy Volume 22, Issue 4, April 2002, Pages 305-317 www.hedon.info/goto.php/GHGStoveEmissionsHedon Knowldege Bank on GHG emissions Implications of changes in household stoves and fuel use in China Rufus D. Edwards, Kirk R. Smith, Junfeng Zhangb, Yuqing Mac, Energy www.whrc.org/policy/COP/India/04_edwards_1.pdfPolicy 32 (2004) 395–411 Health, energy, and greenhouse-gas impacts of biomass combustion in household stoves, Kirk R. Smith, www.whrc.org/policy/COP/India/Smith_1994.pdfEnergy for Sustainable Development, Volume I No. 4, November 1994 So will a redesign to more combustion efficient modern cook stoves have a dramatic impact on climate change, both in terms of reducing the amount of gases emitted by each stove, but also due to less deforestation as families required less wood to produce energy? It goes without saying that improved biomass cook stoves are the best option for reducing the appalling death and disease from IAP caused by traditional cook stoves.  What is less clear is whether the evidence on the link to climate change is sufficiently compelling to persuade key opinion formers and policy makers to consider IAP in those terms in addition to health impacts. If it did prove to be persuasive then significant new programmes to get improved and more fuel efficient cook stoves to the masses could ensue. There is certainly consensus across the IAP expert community that carbon financing is a way to fund improved cookstove projects. The voluntary market already considers stove projects claiming CO2 reductions to be eligible as potential sources of carbon credits so it is feasible that finance from carbon trading could pay for large scale improvement programmes. A Shell Foundation backed project [6] to develop a new Patsari stove in Mexico achieved up to a 60% reduction in wood needed as fuel and an amazing 70% reduction in IAP. The study estimated that the new stoves prevented the annual emission of about 10,000 tonnes of CO2 equivalent. However, dealing on the Kyoto Protocols Clean Development Mechanism is proving immensely difficult due to the precise methodologies required. Not surprising, therefore, that only a handful of projects have so far been submitted, two projects from Nepal that replace conventional fuel sources for cooking (e.g. fuel wood and kerosene) with biogas taking three years and 300,000 US dollars to develop. Two other registered projects involve the installation of solar cookers to replace fuel wood in Indonesia and fossil fuels in India. There are also a few other projects still at the validation stage. Despite these barriers, the charity is hopeful that cooking with biomass on outdated and dangerous cookstoves will move towards centre stage as the global interest in climate change continues to explode. Admittedly the body of evidence could be bigger, but a direct link between Indoor Air Pollution and global warming that persuades governments to place as much emphasis on curtailing cookstove emissions as those from industry and cars is surely not that far off. References [1] Research needs for improving biofuel burning cookstove technologies Ahuja, D.R, 1990 Natural Resources Forum 14(2): 125—34 [2] arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.energy.25.1.741Greenhouse Implications of Household Stoves: Analysis for India K Smith et al, Annual review of Energy and the Environment Vol. 25: 741-763 (Volume publication date November 2000) [3] www.shellfoundation.org/pages/core_lines.php?p=corelines_inside_content&page=breathing&newsID=287Linking IAP to Climate Change - some key statistics [4] www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/asia-as-bad-as-west-for-global-warming-says-study-by-us-460076.html)Asia as bad as West for global warming, says study by US The Independent, 3 August 2007 [5] www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-10/acs-sfw102406.phpSoot From Wood Stoves In Developing World Impacts Global Warming More Than Expected - American Chemical Society, 24 October 2006 www.shellfoundation.org/pages/core_lines.php?p=corelines_inside_content&page=breathing&newsID=74[6] Shell Foundation stove project leads to significant health benefits for Mexican families Further Reading Greenhouse Gas Implications of Household Energy Technology in Kenya Bailis, R., Ezzati, M., and Kammen, D.M., Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 10, 2051 -2059, 2003,  10.1021/es026058q Carbon monoxide from cookstoves in developing countries: 1. Emission factors, J. Zhang, K. R. Smith et al www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6W67-3YF3NNG-10&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=aeee3e2c33980c42496c41b119b63847Chemosphere - Global Change Science Volume 1, Issues 1-3, August 1999, Pages 353-366 www.aprovecho.org/web-content/publications/assets/Global_warming_full_9-6-07.pdfLaboratory Comparison of the Global-Warming Potential of Six Categories of Biomass Cooking Stoves, Nordica MacCarty, Damon Ogle, Dean Still, Dr. Tami Bond, Christoph Roden, Dr. Bryan Willson, September 2007 Atmospheric science: Black carbon and brown clouds John Seinfeld, www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v1/n1/full/ngeo.2007.62.htmlNature Geoscience 1, 15 - 16 (2008) Low greenhouse gas biomass options for cooking in the developing countries, S. C. Bhattacharyaand P. Abdul Salam, www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V22-454TNNF-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=f681cb2455369fa3d67efdb00d1ff962Biomass and Bioenergy Volume 22, Issue 4, April 2002, Pages 305-317 www.hedon.info/goto.php/GHGStoveEmissionsHedon Knowldege Bank on GHG emissions Implications of changes in household stoves and fuel use in China Rufus D. Edwards, Kirk R. Smith, Junfeng Zhangb, Yuqing Mac, Energy www.whrc.org/policy/COP/India/04_edwards_1.pdfPolicy 32 (2004) 395–411 Health, energy, and greenhouse-gas impacts of biomass combustion in household stoves, Kirk R. Smith, www.whrc.org/policy/COP/India/Smith_1994.pdfEnergy for Sustainable Development, Volume I No. 4, November 1994 So will a redesign to more combustion efficient modern cook stoves have a dramatic impact on climate change, both in terms of reducing the amount of gases emitted by each stove, but also due to less deforestation as families required less wood to produce energy? It goes without saying that improved biomass cook stoves are the best option for reducing the appalling death and disease from IAP caused by traditional cook stoves.  What is less clear is whether the evidence on the link to climate change is sufficiently compelling to persuade key opinion formers and policy makers to consider IAP in those terms in addition to health impacts. If it did prove to be persuasive then significant new programmes to get improved and more fuel efficient cook stoves to the masses could ensue. There is certainly consensus across the IAP expert community that carbon financing is a way to fund improved cookstove projects. The voluntary market already considers stove projects claiming CO2 reductions to be eligible as potential sources of carbon credits so it is feasible that finance from carbon trading could pay for large scale improvement programmes. A Shell Foundation backed project [6] to develop a new Patsari stove in Mexico achieved up to a 60% reduction in wood needed as fuel and an amazing 70% reduction in IAP. The study estimated that the new stoves prevented the annual emission of about 10,000 tonnes of CO2 equivalent. However, dealing on the Kyoto Protocols Clean Development Mechanism is proving immensely difficult due to the precise methodologies required. Not surprising, therefore, that only a handful of projects have so far been submitted, two projects from Nepal that replace conventional fuel sources for cooking (e.g. fuel wood and kerosene) with biogas taking three years and 300,000 US dollars to develop. Two other registered projects involve the installation of solar cookers to replace fuel wood in Indonesia and fossil fuels in India. There are also a few other projects still at the validation stage. Despite these barriers, the charity is hopeful that cooking with biomass on outdated and dangerous cookstoves will move towards centre stage as the global interest in climate change continues to explode. Admittedly the body of evidence could be bigger, but a direct link between Indoor Air Pollution and global warming that persuades governments to place as much emphasis on curtailing cookstove emissions as those from industry and cars is surely not that far off. References [1] Research needs for improving biofuel burning cookstove technologies Ahuja, D.R, 1990 Natural Resources Forum 14(2): 125—34 [2] arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.energy.25.1.741Greenhouse Implications of Household Stoves: Analysis for India K Smith et al, Annual review of Energy and the Environment Vol. 25: 741-763 (Volume publication date November 2000) [3] www.shellfoundation.org/pages/core_lines.php?p=corelines_inside_content&page=breathing&newsID=287Linking IAP to Climate Change - some key statistics [4] www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/asia-as-bad-as-west-for-global-warming-says-study-by-us-460076.html)Asia as bad as West for global warming, says study by US The Independent, 3 August 2007 [5] www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-10/acs-sfw102406.phpSoot From Wood Stoves In Developing World Impacts Global Warming More Than Expected - American Chemical Society, 24 October 2006 www.shellfoundation.org/pages/core_lines.php?p=corelines_inside_content&page=breathing&newsID=74[6] Shell Foundation stove project leads to significant health benefits for Mexican families Further Reading Greenhouse Gas Implications of Household Energy Technology in Kenya Bailis, R., Ezzati, M., and Kammen, D.M., Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 10, 2051 -2059, 2003,  10.1021/es026058q Carbon monoxide from cookstoves in developing countries: 1. Emission factors, J. Zhang, K. R. Smith et al www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6W67-3YF3NNG-10&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=aeee3e2c33980c42496c41b119b63847Chemosphere - Global Change Science Volume 1, Issues 1-3, August 1999, Pages 353-366 www.aprovecho.org/web-content/publications/assets/Global_warming_full_9-6-07.pdfLaboratory Comparison of the Global-Warming Potential of Six Categories of Biomass Cooking Stoves, Nordica MacCarty, Damon Ogle, Dean Still, Dr. Tami Bond, Christoph Roden, Dr. Bryan Willson, September 2007 Atmospheric science: Black carbon and brown clouds John Seinfeld, www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v1/n1/full/ngeo.2007.62.htmlNature Geoscience 1, 15 - 16 (2008) Low greenhouse gas biomass options for cooking in the developing countries, S. C. Bhattacharyaand P. Abdul Salam, www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V22-454TNNF-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=f681cb2455369fa3d67efdb00d1ff962Biomass and Bioenergy Volume 22, Issue 4, April 2002, Pages 305-317 www.hedon.info/goto.php/GHGStoveEmissionsHedon Knowldege Bank on GHG emissions Implications of changes in household stoves and fuel use in China Rufus D. Edwards, Kirk R. Smith, Junfeng Zhangb, Yuqing Mac, Energy www.whrc.org/policy/COP/India/04_edwards_1.pdfPolicy 32 (2004) 395–411 Health, energy, and greenhouse-gas impacts of biomass combustion in household stoves, Kirk R. Smith, www.whrc.org/policy/COP/India/Smith_1994.pdfEnergy for Sustainable Development, Volume I No. 4, November 1994 So will a redesign to more combustion efficient modern cook stoves have a dramatic impact on climate change, both in terms of reducing the amount of gases emitted by each stove, but also due to less deforestation as families required less wood to produce energy? It goes without saying that improved biomass cook stoves are the best option for reducing the appalling death and disease from IAP caused by traditional cook stoves.  What is less clear is whether the evidence on the link to climate change is sufficiently compelling to persuade key opinion formers and policy makers to consider IAP in those terms in addition to health impacts. If it did prove to be persuasive then significant new programmes to get improved and more fuel efficient cook stoves to the masses could ensue. There is certainly consensus across the IAP expert community that carbon financing is a way to fund improved cookstove projects. The voluntary market already considers stove projects claiming CO2 reductions to be eligible as potential sources of carbon credits so it is feasible that finance from carbon trading could pay for large scale improvement programmes. A Shell Foundation backed project [6] to develop a new Patsari stove in Mexico achieved up to a 60% reduction in wood needed as fuel and an amazing 70% reduction in IAP. The study estimated that the new stoves prevented the annual emission of about 10,000 tonnes of CO2 equivalent. However, dealing on the Kyoto Protocols Clean Development Mechanism is proving immensely difficult due to the precise methodologies required. Not surprising, therefore, that only a handful of projects have so far been submitted, two projects from Nepal that replace conventional fuel sources for cooking (e.g. fuel wood and kerosene) with biogas taking three years and 300,000 US dollars to develop. Two other registered projects involve the installation of solar cookers to replace fuel wood in Indonesia and fossil fuels in India. There are also a few other projects still at the validation stage. Despite these barriers, the charity is hopeful that cooking with biomass on outdated and dangerous cookstoves will move towards centre stage as the global interest in climate change continues to explode. Admittedly the body of evidence could be bigger, but a direct link between Indoor Air Pollution and global warming that persuades governments to place as much emphasis on curtailing cookstove emissions as those from industry and cars is surely not that far off. References [1] Research needs for improving biofuel burning cookstove technologies Ahuja, D.R, 1990 Natural Resources Forum 14(2): 125—34 [2] arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.energy.25.1.741Greenhouse Implications of Household Stoves: Analysis for India K Smith et al, Annual review of Energy and the Environment Vol. 25: 741-763 (Volume publication date November 2000) [3] www.shellfoundation.org/pages/core_lines.php?p=corelines_inside_content&page=breathing&newsID=287Linking IAP to Climate Change - some key statistics [4] www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/asia-as-bad-as-west-for-global-warming-says-study-by-us-460076.html)Asia as bad as West for global warming, says study by US The Independent, 3 August 2007 [5] www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-10/acs-sfw102406.phpSoot From Wood Stoves In Developing World Impacts Global Warming More Than Expected - American Chemical Society, 24 October 2006 www.shellfoundation.org/pages/core_lines.php?p=corelines_inside_content&page=breathing&newsID=74[6] Shell Foundation stove project leads to significant health benefits for Mexican families Further Reading Greenhouse Gas Implications of Household Energy Technology in Kenya Bailis, R., Ezzati, M., and Kammen, D.M., Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 10, 2051 -2059, 2003,  10.1021/es026058q Carbon monoxide from cookstoves in developing countries: 1. Emission factors, J. Zhang, K. R. Smith et al www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6W67-3YF3NNG-10&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=aeee3e2c33980c42496c41b119b63847Chemosphere - Global Change Science Volume 1, Issues 1-3, August 1999, Pages 353-366 www.aprovecho.org/web-content/publications/assets/Global_warming_full_9-6-07.pdfLaboratory Comparison of the Global-Warming Potential of Six Categories of Biomass Cooking Stoves, Nordica MacCarty, Damon Ogle, Dean Still, Dr. Tami Bond, Christoph Roden, Dr. Bryan Willson, September 2007 Atmospheric science: Black carbon and brown clouds John Seinfeld, www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v1/n1/full/ngeo.2007.62.htmlNature Geoscience 1, 15 - 16 (2008) Low greenhouse gas biomass options for cooking in the developing countries, S. C. Bhattacharyaand P. Abdul Salam, www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V22-454TNNF-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=f681cb2455369fa3d67efdb00d1ff962Biomass and Bioenergy Volume 22, Issue 4, April 2002, Pages 305-317 www.hedon.info/goto.php/GHGStoveEmissionsHedon Knowldege Bank on GHG emissions Implications of changes in household stoves and fuel use in China Rufus D. Edwards, Kirk R. Smith, Junfeng Zhangb, Yuqing Mac, Energy www.whrc.org/policy/COP/India/04_edwards_1.pdfPolicy 32 (2004) 395–411 Health, energy, and greenhouse-gas impacts of biomass combustion in household stoves, Kirk R. Smith, www.whrc.org/policy/COP/India/Smith_1994.pdfEnergy for Sustainable Development, Volume I No. 4, November 1994 So will a redesign to more combustion efficient modern cook stoves have a dramatic impact on climate change, both in terms of reducing the amount of gases emitted by each stove, but also due to less deforestation as families required less wood to produce energy? It goes without saying that improved biomass cook stoves are the best option for reducing the appalling death and disease from IAP caused by traditional cook stoves.  What is less clear is whether the evidence on the link to climate change is sufficiently compelling to persuade key opinion formers and policy makers to consider IAP in those terms in addition to health impacts. If it did prove to be persuasive then significant new programmes to get improved and more fuel efficient cook stoves to the masses could ensue. There is certainly consensus across the IAP expert community that carbon financing is a way to fund improved cookstove projects. The voluntary market already considers stove projects claiming CO2 reductions to be eligible as potential sources of carbon credits so it is feasible that finance from carbon trading could pay for large scale improvement programmes. A Shell Foundation backed project [6] to develop a new Patsari stove in Mexico achieved up to a 60% reduction in wood needed as fuel and an amazing 70% reduction in IAP. The study estimated that the new stoves prevented the annual emission of about 10,000 tonnes of CO2 equivalent. However, dealing on the Kyoto Protocols Clean Development Mechanism is proving immensely difficult due to the precise methodologies required. Not surprising, therefore, that only a handful of projects have so far been submitted, two projects from Nepal that replace conventional fuel sources for cooking (e.g. fuel wood and kerosene) with biogas taking three years and 300,000 US dollars to develop. Two other registered projects involve the installation of solar cookers to replace fuel wood in Indonesia and fossil fuels in India. There are also a few other projects still at the validation stage. Despite these barriers, the charity is hopeful that cooking with biomass on outdated and dangerous cookstoves will move towards centre stage as the global interest in climate change continues to explode. Admittedly the body of evidence could be bigger, but a direct link between Indoor Air Pollution and global warming that persuades governments to place as much emphasis on curtailing cookstove emissions as those from industry and cars is surely not that far off. References [1] Research needs for improving biofuel burning cookstove technologies Ahuja, D.R, 1990 Natural Resources Forum 14(2): 125—34 [2] arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.energy.25.1.741Greenhouse Implications of Household Stoves: Analysis for India K Smith et al, Annual review of Energy and the Environment Vol. 25: 741-763 (Volume publication date November 2000) [3] www.shellfoundation.org/pages/core_lines.php?p=corelines_inside_content&page=breathing&newsID=287Linking IAP to Climate Change - some key statistics [4] www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/asia-as-bad-as-west-for-global-warming-says-study-by-us-460076.html)Asia as bad as West for global warming, says study by US The Independent, 3 August 2007 [5] www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-10/acs-sfw102406.phpSoot From Wood Stoves In Developing World Impacts Global Warming More Than Expected - American Chemical Society, 24 October 2006 www.shellfoundation.org/pages/core_lines.php?p=corelines_inside_content&page=breathing&newsID=74[6] Shell Foundation stove project leads to significant health benefits for Mexican families Further Reading Greenhouse Gas Implications of Household Energy Technology in Kenya Bailis, R., Ezzati, M., and Kammen, D.M., Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 10, 2051 -2059, 2003,  10.1021/es026058q Carbon monoxide from cookstoves in developing countries: 1. Emission factors, J. Zhang, K. R. Smith et al www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6W67-3YF3NNG-10&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=aeee3e2c33980c42496c41b119b63847Chemosphere - Global Change Science Volume 1, Issues 1-3, August 1999, Pages 353-366 www.aprovecho.org/web-content/publications/assets/Global_warming_full_9-6-07.pdfLaboratory Comparison of the Global-Warming Potential of Six Categories of Biomass Cooking Stoves, Nordica MacCarty, Damon Ogle, Dean Still, Dr. Tami Bond, Christoph Roden, Dr. Bryan Willson, September 2007 Atmospheric science: Black carbon and brown clouds John Seinfeld, www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v1/n1/full/ngeo.2007.62.htmlNature Geoscience 1, 15 - 16 (2008) Low greenhouse gas biomass options for cooking in the developing countries, S. C. Bhattacharyaand P. Abdul Salam, www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V22-454TNNF-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=f681cb2455369fa3d67efdb00d1ff962Biomass and Bioenergy Volume 22, Issue 4, April 2002, Pages 305-317 www.hedon.info/goto.php/GHGStoveEmissionsHedon Knowldege Bank on GHG emissions Implications of changes in household stoves and fuel use in China Rufus D. Edwards, Kirk R. Smith, Junfeng Zhangb, Yuqing Mac, Energy www.whrc.org/policy/COP/India/04_edwards_1.pdfPolicy 32 (2004) 395–411 Health, energy, and greenhouse-gas impacts of biomass combustion in household stoves, Kirk R. Smith, www.whrc.org/policy/COP/India/Smith_1994.pdfEnergy for Sustainable Development, Volume I No. 4, November 1994 So will a redesign to more combustion efficient modern cook stoves have a dramatic impact on climate change, both in terms of reducing the amount of gases emitted by each stove, but also due to less deforestation as families required less wood to produce energy? It goes without saying that improved biomass cook stoves are the best option for reducing the appalling death and disease from IAP caused by traditional cook stoves.  What is less clear is whether the evidence on the link to climate change is sufficiently compelling to persuade key opinion formers and policy makers to consider IAP in those terms in addition to health impacts. If it did prove to be persuasive then significant new programmes to get improved and more fuel efficient cook stoves to the masses could ensue. There is certainly consensus across the IAP expert community that carbon financing is a way to fund improved cookstove projects. The voluntary market already considers stove projects claiming CO2 reductions to be eligible as potential sources of carbon credits so it is feasible that finance from carbon trading could pay for large scale improvement programmes. A Shell Foundation backed project [6] to develop a new Patsari stove in Mexico achieved up to a 60% reduction in wood needed as fuel and an amazing 70% reduction in IAP. The study estimated that the new stoves prevented the annual emission of about 10,000 tonnes of CO2 equivalent. However, dealing on the Kyoto Protocols Clean Development Mechanism is proving immensely difficult due to the precise methodologies required. Not surprising, therefore, that only a handful of projects have so far been submitted, two projects from Nepal that replace conventional fuel sources for cooking (e.g. fuel wood and kerosene) with biogas taking three years and 300,000 US dollars to develop. Two other registered projects involve the installation of solar cookers to replace fuel wood in Indonesia and fossil fuels in India. There are also a few other projects still at the validation stage. Despite these barriers, the charity is hopeful that cooking with biomass on outdated and dangerous cookstoves will move towards centre stage as the global interest in climate change continues to explode. Admittedly the body of evidence could be bigger, but a direct link between Indoor Air Pollution and global warming that persuades governments to place as much emphasis on curtailing cookstove emissions as those from industry and cars is surely not that far off. References [1] Research needs for improving biofuel burning cookstove technologies Ahuja, D.R, 1990 Natural Resources Forum 14(2): 125—34 [2] arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.energy.25.1.741Greenhouse Implications of Household Stoves: Analysis for India K Smith et al, Annual review of Energy and the Environment Vol. 25: 741-763 (Volume publication date November 2000) [3] www.shellfoundation.org/pages/core_lines.php?p=corelines_inside_content&page=breathing&newsID=287Linking IAP to Climate Change - some key statistics [4] www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/asia-as-bad-as-west-for-global-warming-says-study-by-us-460076.html)Asia as bad as West for global warming, says study by US The Independent, 3 August 2007 [5] www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-10/acs-sfw102406.phpSoot From Wood Stoves In Developing World Impacts Global Warming More Than Expected - American Chemical Society, 24 October 2006 www.shellfoundation.org/pages/core_lines.php?p=corelines_inside_content&page=breathing&newsID=74[6] Shell Foundation stove project leads to significant health benefits for Mexican families Further Reading Greenhouse Gas Implications of Household Energy Technology in Kenya Bailis, R., Ezzati, M., and Kammen, D.M., Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 10, 2051 -2059, 2003,  10.1021/es026058q Carbon monoxide from cookstoves in developing countries: 1. Emission factors, J. Zhang, K. R. Smith et al www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6W67-3YF3NNG-10&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=aeee3e2c33980c42496c41b119b63847Chemosphere - Global Change Science Volume 1, Issues 1-3, August 1999, Pages 353-366 www.aprovecho.org/web-content/publications/assets/Global_warming_full_9-6-07.pdfLaboratory Comparison of the Global-Warming Potential of Six Categories of Biomass Cooking Stoves, Nordica MacCarty, Damon Ogle, Dean Still, Dr. Tami Bond, Christoph Roden, Dr. Bryan Willson, September 2007 Atmospheric science: Black carbon and brown clouds John Seinfeld, www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v1/n1/full/ngeo.2007.62.htmlNature Geoscience 1, 15 - 16 (2008) Low greenhouse gas biomass options for cooking in the developing countries, S. C. Bhattacharyaand P. Abdul Salam, www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V22-454TNNF-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=f681cb2455369fa3d67efdb00d1ff962Biomass and Bioenergy Volume 22, Issue 4, April 2002, Pages 305-317 www.hedon.info/goto.php/GHGStoveEmissionsHedon Knowldege Bank on GHG emissions Implications of changes in household stoves and fuel use in China Rufus D. Edwards, Kirk R. Smith, Junfeng Zhangb, Yuqing Mac, Energy www.whrc.org/policy/COP/India/04_edwards_1.pdfPolicy 32 (2004) 395–411 Health, energy, and greenhouse-gas impacts of biomass combustion in household stoves, Kirk R. Smith, www.whrc.org/policy/COP/India/Smith_1994.pdfEnergy for Sustainable Development, Volume I No. 4, November 1994 So will a redesign to more combustion efficient modern cook stoves have a dramatic impact on climate change, both in terms of reducing the amount of gases emitted by each stove, but also due to less deforestation as families required less wood to produce energy? It goes without saying that improved biomass cook stoves are the best option for reducing the appalling death and disease from IAP caused by traditional cook stoves.  What is less clear is whether the evidence on the link to climate change is sufficiently compelling to persuade key opinion formers and policy makers to consider IAP in those terms in addition to health impacts. If it did prove to be persuasive then significant new programmes to get improved and more fuel efficient cook stoves to the masses could ensue. There is certainly consensus across the IAP expert community that carbon financing is a way to fund improved cookstove projects. The voluntary market already considers stove projects claiming CO2 reductions to be eligible as potential sources of carbon credits so it is feasible that finance from carbon trading could pay for large scale improvement programmes. A Shell Foundation backed project [6] to develop a new Patsari stove in Mexico achieved up to a 60% reduction in wood needed as fuel and an amazing 70% reduction in IAP. The study estimated that the new stoves prevented the annual emission of about 10,000 tonnes of CO2 equivalent. However, dealing on the Kyoto Protocols Clean Development Mechanism is proving immensely difficult due to the precise methodologies required. Not surprising, therefore, that only a handful of projects have so far been submitted, two projects from Nepal that replace conventional fuel sources for cooking (e.g. fuel wood and kerosene) with biogas taking three years and 300,000 US dollars to develop. Two other registered projects involve the installation of solar cookers to replace fuel wood in Indonesia and fossil fuels in India. There are also a few other projects still at the validation stage. Despite these barriers, the charity is hopeful that cooking with biomass on outdated and dangerous cookstoves will move towards centre stage as the global interest in climate change continues to explode. Admittedly the body of evidence could be bigger, but a direct link between Indoor Air Pollution and global warming that persuades governments to place as much emphasis on curtailing cookstove emissions as those from industry and cars is surely not that far off. References [1] Research needs for improving biofuel burning cookstove technologies Ahuja, D.R, 1990 Natural Resources Forum 14(2): 125—34 [2] arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.energy.25.1.741Greenhouse Implications of Household Stoves: Analysis for India K Smith et al, Annual review of Energy and the Environment Vol. 25: 741-763 (Volume publication date November 2000) [3] www.shellfoundation.org/pages/core_lines.php?p=corelines_inside_content&page=breathing&newsID=287Linking IAP to Climate Change - some key statistics [4] www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/asia-as-bad-as-west-for-global-warming-says-study-by-us-460076.html)Asia as bad as West for global warming, says study by US The Independent, 3 August 2007 [5] www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-10/acs-sfw102406.phpSoot From Wood Stoves In Developing World Impacts Global Warming More Than Expected - American Chemical Society, 24 October 2006 www.shellfoundation.org/pages/core_lines.php?p=corelines_inside_content&page=breathing&newsID=74[6] Shell Foundation stove project leads to significant health benefits for Mexican families Further Reading Greenhouse Gas Implications of Household Energy Technology in Kenya Bailis, R., Ezzati, M., and Kammen, D.M., Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 10, 2051 -2059, 2003,  10.1021/es026058q Carbon monoxide from cookstoves in developing countries: 1. Emission factors, J. Zhang, K. R. Smith et al www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6W67-3YF3NNG-10&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=aeee3e2c33980c42496c41b119b63847Chemosphere - Global Change Science Volume 1, Issues 1-3, August 1999, Pages 353-366 www.aprovecho.org/web-content/publications/assets/Global_warming_full_9-6-07.pdfLaboratory Comparison of the Global-Warming Potential of Six Categories of Biomass Cooking Stoves, Nordica MacCarty, Damon Ogle, Dean Still, Dr. Tami Bond, Christoph Roden, Dr. Bryan Willson, September 2007 Atmospheric science: Black carbon and brown clouds John Seinfeld, www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v1/n1/full/ngeo.2007.62.htmlNature Geoscience 1, 15 - 16 (2008) Low greenhouse gas biomass options for cooking in the developing countries, S. C. Bhattacharyaand P. Abdul Salam, www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V22-454TNNF-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=f681cb2455369fa3d67efdb00d1ff962Biomass and Bioenergy Volume 22, Issue 4, April 2002, Pages 305-317 www.hedon.info/goto.php/GHGStoveEmissionsHedon Knowldege Bank on GHG emissions Implications of changes in household stoves and fuel use in China Rufus D. Edwards, Kirk R. Smith, Junfeng Zhangb, Yuqing Mac, Energy www.whrc.org/policy/COP/India/04_edwards_1.pdfPolicy 32 (2004) 395–411 Health, energy, and greenhouse-gas impacts of biomass combustion in household stoves, Kirk R. Smith, www.whrc.org/policy/COP/India/Smith_1994.pdfEnergy for Sustainable Development, Volume I No. 4, November 1994 So will a redesign to more combustion efficient modern cook stoves have a dramatic impact on climate change, both in terms of reducing the amount of gases emitted by each stove, but also due to less deforestation as families required less wood to produce energy? It goes without saying that improved biomass cook stoves are the best option for reducing the appalling death and disease from IAP caused by traditional cook stoves.  What is less clear is whether the evidence on the link to climate change is sufficiently compelling to persuade key opinion formers and policy makers to consider IAP in those terms in addition to health impacts. If it did prove to be persuasive then significant new programmes to get improved and more fuel efficient cook stoves to the masses could ensue. There is certainly consensus across the IAP expert community that carbon financing is a way to fund improved cookstove projects. The voluntary market already considers stove projects claiming CO2 reductions to be eligible as potential sources of carbon credits so it is feasible that finance from carbon trading could pay for large scale improvement programmes. A Shell Foundation backed project [6] to develop a new Patsari stove in Mexico achieved up to a 60% reduction in wood needed as fuel and an amazing 70% reduction in IAP. The study estimated that the new stoves prevented the annual emission of about 10,000 tonnes of CO2 equivalent. However, dealing on the Kyoto Protocols Clean Development Mechanism is proving immensely difficult due to the precise methodologies required. Not surprising, therefore, that only a handful of projects have so far been submitted, two projects from Nepal that replace conventional fuel sources for cooking (e.g. fuel wood and kerosene) with biogas taking three years and 300,000 US dollars to develop. Two other registered projects involve the installation of solar cookers to replace fuel wood in Indonesia and fossil fuels in India. There are also a few other projects still at the validation stage. Despite these barriers, the charity is hopeful that cooking with biomass on outdated and dangerous cookstoves will move towards centre stage as the global interest in climate change continues to explode. Admittedly the body of evidence could be bigger, but a direct link between Indoor Air Pollution and global warming that persuades governments to place as much emphasis on curtailing cookstove emissions as those from industry and cars is surely not that far off. References [1] Research needs for improving biofuel burning cookstove technologies Ahuja, D.R, 1990 Natural Resources Forum 14(2): 125—34 [2] arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.energy.25.1.741Greenhouse Implications of Household Stoves: Analysis for India K Smith et al, Annual review of Energy and the Environment Vol. 25: 741-763 (Volume publication date November 2000) [3] www.shellfoundation.org/pages/core_lines.php?p=corelines_inside_content&page=breathing&newsID=287Linking IAP to Climate Change - some key statistics [4] www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/asia-as-bad-as-west-for-global-warming-says-study-by-us-460076.html)Asia as bad as West for global warming, says study by US The Independent, 3 August 2007 [5] www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-10/acs-sfw102406.phpSoot From Wood Stoves In Developing World Impacts Global Warming More Than Expected - American Chemical Society, 24 October 2006 www.shellfoundation.org/pages/core_lines.php?p=corelines_inside_content&page=breathing&newsID=74[6] Shell Foundation stove project leads to significant health benefits for Mexican families Further Reading Greenhouse Gas Implications of Household Energy Technology in Kenya Bailis, R., Ezzati, M., and Kammen, D.M., Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 10, 2051 -2059, 2003,  10.1021/es026058q Carbon monoxide from cookstoves in developing countries: 1. Emission factors, J. Zhang, K. R. Smith et al www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6W67-3YF3NNG-10&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=aeee3e2c33980c42496c41b119b63847Chemosphere - Global Change Science Volume 1, Issues 1-3, August 1999, Pages 353-366 www.aprovecho.org/web-content/publications/assets/Global_warming_full_9-6-07.pdfLaboratory Comparison of the Global-Warming Potential of Six Categories of Biomass Cooking Stoves, Nordica MacCarty, Damon Ogle, Dean Still, Dr. Tami Bond, Christoph Roden, Dr. Bryan Willson, September 2007 Atmospheric science: Black carbon and brown clouds John Seinfeld, www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v1/n1/full/ngeo.2007.62.htmlNature Geoscience 1, 15 - 16 (2008) Low greenhouse gas biomass options for cooking in the developing countries, S. C. Bhattacharyaand P. Abdul Salam, www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V22-454TNNF-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=f681cb2455369fa3d67efdb00d1ff962Biomass and Bioenergy Volume 22, Issue 4, April 2002, Pages 305-317 www.hedon.info/goto.php/GHGStoveEmissionsHedon Knowldege Bank on GHG emissions Implications of changes in household stoves and fuel use in China Rufus D. Edwards, Kirk R. Smith, Junfeng Zhangb, Yuqing Mac, Energy www.whrc.org/policy/COP/India/04_edwards_1.pdfPolicy 32 (2004) 395–411 Health, energy, and greenhouse-gas impacts of biomass combustion in household stoves, Kirk R. Smith, www.whrc.org/policy/COP/India/Smith_1994.pdfEnergy for Sustainable Development, Volume I No. 4, November 1994 So will a redesign to more combustion efficient modern cook stoves have a dramatic impact on climate change, both in terms of reducing the amount of gases emitted by each stove, but also due to less deforestation as families required less wood to produce energy? It goes without saying that improved biomass cook stoves are the best option for reducing the appalling death and disease from IAP caused by traditional cook stoves.  What is less clear is whether the evidence on the link to climate change is sufficiently compelling to persuade key opinion formers and policy makers to consider IAP in those terms in addition to health impacts. If it did prove to be persuasive then significant new programmes to get improved and more fuel efficient cook stoves to the masses could ensue. There is certainly consensus across the IAP expert community that carbon financing is a way to fund improved cookstove projects. The voluntary market already considers stove projects claiming CO2 reductions to be eligible as potential sources of carbon credits so it is feasible that finance from carbon trading could pay for large scale improvement programmes. A Shell Foundation backed project [6] to develop a new Patsari stove in Mexico achieved up to a 60% reduction in wood needed as fuel and an amazing 70% reduction in IAP. The study estimated that the new stoves prevented the annual emission of about 10,000 tonnes of CO2 equivalent. However, dealing on the Kyoto Protocols Clean Development Mechanism is proving immensely difficult due to the precise methodologies required. Not surprising, therefore, that only a handful of projects have so far been submitted, two projects from Nepal that replace conventional fuel sources for cooking (e.g. fuel wood and kerosene) with biogas taking three years and 300,000 US dollars to develop. Two other registered projects involve the installation of solar cookers to replace fuel wood in Indonesia and fossil fuels in India. There are also a few other projects still at the validation stage. Despite these barriers, the charity is hopeful that cooking with biomass on outdated and dangerous cookstoves will move towards centre stage as the global interest in climate change continues to explode. Admittedly the body of evidence could be bigger, but a direct link between Indoor Air Pollution and global warming that persuades governments to place as much emphasis on curtailing cookstove emissions as those from industry and cars is surely not that far off. References [1] Research needs for improving biofuel burning cookstove technologies Ahuja, D.R, 1990 Natural Resources Forum 14(2): 125—34 [2] arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.energy.25.1.741Greenhouse Implications of Household Stoves: Analysis for India K Smith et al, Annual review of Energy and the Environment Vol. 25: 741-763 (Volume publication date November 2000) [3] www.shellfoundation.org/pages/core_lines.php?p=corelines_inside_content&page=breathing&newsID=287Linking IAP to Climate Change - some key statistics [4] www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/asia-as-bad-as-west-for-global-warming-says-study-by-us-460076.html)Asia as bad as West for global warming, says study by US The Independent, 3 August 2007 [5] www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-10/acs-sfw102406.phpSoot From Wood Stoves In Developing World Impacts Global Warming More Than Expected - American Chemical Society, 24 October 2006 www.shellfoundation.org/pages/core_lines.php?p=corelines_inside_content&page=breathing&newsID=74[6] Shell Foundation stove project leads to significant health benefits for Mexican families Further Reading Greenhouse Gas Implications of Household Energy Technology in Kenya Bailis, R., Ezzati, M., and Kammen, D.M., Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 10, 2051 -2059, 2003,  10.1021/es026058q Carbon monoxide from cookstoves in developing countries: 1. Emission factors, J. Zhang, K. R. Smith et al www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6W67-3YF3NNG-10&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=aeee3e2c33980c42496c41b119b63847Chemosphere - Global Change Science Volume 1, Issues 1-3, August 1999, Pages 353-366 www.aprovecho.org/web-content/publications/assets/Global_warming_full_9-6-07.pdfLaboratory Comparison of the Global-Warming Potential of Six Categories of Biomass Cooking Stoves, Nordica MacCarty, Damon Ogle, Dean Still, Dr. Tami Bond, Christoph Roden, Dr. Bryan Willson, September 2007 Atmospheric science: Black carbon and brown clouds John Seinfeld, www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v1/n1/full/ngeo.2007.62.htmlNature Geoscience 1, 15 - 16 (2008) Low greenhouse gas biomass options for cooking in the developing countries, S. C. Bhattacharyaand P. Abdul Salam, www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V22-454TNNF-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=f681cb2455369fa3d67efdb00d1ff962Biomass and Bioenergy Volume 22, Issue 4, April 2002, Pages 305-317 www.hedon.info/goto.php/GHGStoveEmissionsHedon Knowldege Bank on GHG emissions Implications of changes in household stoves and fuel use in China Rufus D. Edwards, Kirk R. Smith, Junfeng Zhangb, Yuqing Mac, Energy www.whrc.org/policy/COP/India/04_edwards_1.pdfPolicy 32 (2004) 395–411 Health, energy, and greenhouse-gas impacts of biomass combustion in household stoves, Kirk R. Smith, www.whrc.org/policy/COP/India/Smith_1994.pdfEnergy for Sustainable Development, Volume I No. 4, November 1994 So will a redesign to more combustion efficient modern cook stoves have a dramatic impact on climate change, both in terms of reducing the amount of gases emitted by each stove, but also due to less deforestation as families required less wood to produce energy? It goes without saying that improved biomass cook stoves are the best option for reducing the appalling death and disease from IAP caused by traditional cook stoves.  What is less clear is whether the evidence on the link to climate change is sufficiently compelling to persuade key opinion formers and policy makers to consider IAP in those terms in addition to health impacts. If it did prove to be persuasive then significant new programmes to get improved and more fuel efficient cook stoves to the masses could ensue. There is certainly consensus across the IAP expert community that carbon financing is a way to fund improved cookstove projects. The voluntary market already considers stove projects claiming CO2 reductions to be eligible as potential sources of carbon credits so it is feasible that finance from carbon trading could pay for large scale improvement programmes. A Shell Foundation backed project [6] to develop a new Patsari stove in Mexico achieved up to a 60% reduction in wood needed as fuel and an amazing 70% reduction in IAP. The study estimated that the new stoves prevented the annual emission of about 10,000 tonnes of CO2 equivalent. However, dealing on the Kyoto Protocols Clean Development Mechanism is proving immensely difficult due to the precise methodologies required. Not surprising, therefore, that only a handful of projects have so far been submitted, two projects from Nepal that replace conventional fuel sources for cooking (e.g. fuel wood and kerosene) with biogas taking three years and 300,000 US dollars to develop. Two other registered projects involve the installation of solar cookers to replace fuel wood in Indonesia and fossil fuels in India. There are also a few other projects still at the validation stage. Despite these barriers, the charity is hopeful that cooking with biomass on outdated and dangerous cookstoves will move towards centre stage as the global interest in climate change continues to explode. Admittedly the body of evidence could be bigger, but a direct link between Indoor Air Pollution and global warming that persuades governments to place as much emphasis on curtailing cookstove emissions as those from industry and cars is surely not that far off. References [1] Research needs for improving biofuel burning cookstove technologies Ahuja, D.R, 1990 Natural Resources Forum 14(2): 125—34 [2] arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.energy.25.1.741Greenhouse Implications of Household Stoves: Analysis for India K Smith et al, Annual review of Energy and the Environment Vol. 25: 741-763 (Volume publication date November 2000) [3] www.shellfoundation.org/pages/core_lines.php?p=corelines_inside_content&page=breathing&newsID=287Linking IAP to Climate Change - some key statistics [4] www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/asia-as-bad-as-west-for-global-warming-says-study-by-us-460076.html)Asia as bad as West for global warming, says study by US The Independent, 3 August 2007 [5] www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-10/acs-sfw102406.phpSoot From Wood Stoves In Developing World Impacts Global Warming More Than Expected - American Chemical Society, 24 October 2006 www.shellfoundation.org/pages/core_lines.php?p=corelines_inside_content&page=breathing&newsID=74[6] Shell Foundation stove project leads to significant health benefits for Mexican families Further Reading Greenhouse Gas Implications of Household Energy Technology in Kenya Bailis, R., Ezzati, M., and Kammen, D.M., Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 10, 2051 -2059, 2003,  10.1021/es026058q Carbon monoxide from cookstoves in developing countries: 1. Emission factors, J. Zhang, K. R. Smith et al www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6W67-3YF3NNG-10&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=aeee3e2c33980c42496c41b119b63847Chemosphere - Global Change Science Volume 1, Issues 1-3, August 1999, Pages 353-366 www.aprovecho.org/web-content/publications/assets/Global_warming_full_9-6-07.pdfLaboratory Comparison of the Global-Warming Potential of Six Categories of Biomass Cooking Stoves, Nordica MacCarty, Damon Ogle, Dean Still, Dr. Tami Bond, Christoph Roden, Dr. Bryan Willson, September 2007 Atmospheric science: Black carbon and brown clouds John Seinfeld, www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v1/n1/full/ngeo.2007.62.htmlNature Geoscience 1, 15 - 16 (2008) Low greenhouse gas biomass options for cooking in the developing countries, S. C. Bhattacharyaand P. Abdul Salam, www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V22-454TNNF-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=f681cb2455369fa3d67efdb00d1ff962Biomass and Bioenergy Volume 22, Issue 4, April 2002, Pages 305-317 www.hedon.info/goto.php/GHGStoveEmissionsHedon Knowldege Bank on GHG emissions Implications of changes in household stoves and fuel use in China Rufus D. Edwards, Kirk R. Smith, Junfeng Zhangb, Yuqing Mac, Energy www.whrc.org/policy/COP/India/04_edwards_1.pdfPolicy 32 (2004) 395–411 Health, energy, and greenhouse-gas impacts of biomass combustion in household stoves, Kirk R. Smith, www.whrc.org/policy/COP/India/Smith_1994.pdfEnergy for Sustainable Development, Volume I No. 4, November 1994 So will a redesign to more combustion efficient modern cook stoves have a dramatic impact on climate change, both in terms of reducing the amount of gases emitted by each stove, but also due to less deforestation as families required less wood to produce energy? It goes without saying that improved biomass cook stoves are the best option for reducing the appalling death and disease from IAP caused by traditional cook stoves.  What is less clear is whether the evidence on the link to climate change is sufficiently compelling to persuade key opinion formers and policy makers to consider IAP in those terms in addition to health impacts. If it did prove to be persuasive then significant new programmes to get improved and more fuel efficient cook stoves to the masses could ensue. There is certainly consensus across the IAP expert community that carbon financing is a way to fund improved cookstove projects. The voluntary market already considers stove projects claiming CO2 reductions to be eligible as potential sources of carbon credits so it is feasible that finance from carbon trading could pay for large scale improvement programmes. A Shell Foundation backed project [6] to develop a new Patsari stove in Mexico achieved up to a 60% reduction in wood needed as fuel and an amazing 70% reduction in IAP. The study estimated that the new stoves prevented the annual emission of about 10,000 tonnes of CO2 equivalent. However, dealing on the Kyoto Protocols Clean Development Mechanism is proving immensely difficult due to the precise methodologies required. Not surprising, therefore, that only a handful of projects have so far been submitted, two projects from Nepal that replace conventional fuel sources for cooking (e.g. fuel wood and kerosene) with biogas taking three years and 300,000 US dollars to develop. Two other registered projects involve the installation of solar cookers to replace fuel wood in Indonesia and fossil fuels in India. There are also a few other projects still at the validation stage. Despite these barriers, the charity is hopeful that cooking with biomass on outdated and dangerous cookstoves will move towards centre stage as the global interest in climate change continues to explode. Admittedly the body of evidence could be bigger, but a direct link between Indoor Air Pollution and global warming that persuades governments to place as much emphasis on curtailing cookstove emissions as those from industry and cars is surely not that far off. References [1] Research needs for improving biofuel burning cookstove technologies Ahuja, D.R, 1990 Natural Resources Forum 14(2): 125—34 [2] arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.energy.25.1.741Greenhouse Implications of Household Stoves: Analysis for India K Smith et al, Annual review of Energy and the Environment Vol. 25: 741-763 (Volume publication date November 2000) [3] www.shellfoundation.org/pages/core_lines.php?p=corelines_inside_content&page=breathing&newsID=287Linking IAP to Climate Change - some key statistics [4] www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/asia-as-bad-as-west-for-global-warming-says-study-by-us-460076.html)Asia as bad as West for global warming, says study by US The Independent, 3 August 2007 [5] www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-10/acs-sfw102406.phpSoot From Wood Stoves In Developing World Impacts Global Warming More Than Expected - American Chemical Society, 24 October 2006 www.shellfoundation.org/pages/core_lines.php?p=corelines_inside_content&page=breathing&newsID=74[6] Shell Foundation stove project leads to significant health benefits for Mexican families Further Reading Greenhouse Gas Implications of Household Energy Technology in Kenya Bailis, R., Ezzati, M., and Kammen, D.M., Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 10, 2051 -2059, 2003,  10.1021/es026058q Carbon monoxide from cookstoves in developing countries: 1. Emission factors, J. Zhang, K. R. Smith et al www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6W67-3YF3NNG-10&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=aeee3e2c33980c42496c41b119b63847Chemosphere - Global Change Science Volume 1, Issues 1-3, August 1999, Pages 353-366 www.aprovecho.org/web-content/publications/assets/Global_warming_full_9-6-07.pdfLaboratory Comparison of the Global-Warming Potential of Six Categories of Biomass Cooking Stoves, Nordica MacCarty, Damon Ogle, Dean Still, Dr. Tami Bond, Christoph Roden, Dr. Bryan Willson, September 2007 Atmospheric science: Black carbon and brown clouds John Seinfeld, www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v1/n1/full/ngeo.2007.62.htmlNature Geoscience 1, 15 - 16 (2008) Low greenhouse gas biomass options for cooking in the developing countries, S. C. Bhattacharyaand P. Abdul Salam, www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V22-454TNNF-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=f681cb2455369fa3d67efdb00d1ff962Biomass and Bioenergy Volume 22, Issue 4, April 2002, Pages 305-317 www.hedon.info/goto.php/GHGStoveEmissionsHedon Knowldege Bank on GHG emissions Implications of changes in household stoves and fuel use in China Rufus D. Edwards, Kirk R. Smith, Junfeng Zhangb, Yuqing Mac, Energy www.whrc.org/policy/COP/India/04_edwards_1.pdfPolicy 32 (2004) 395–411 Health, energy, and greenhouse-gas impacts of biomass combustion in household stoves, Kirk R. Smith, www.whrc.org/policy/COP/India/Smith_1994.pdfEnergy for Sustainable Development, Volume I No. 4, November 1994 So will a redesign to more combustion efficient modern cook stoves have a dramatic impact on climate change, both in terms of reducing the amount of gases emitted by each stove, but also due to less deforestation as families required less wood to produce energy? It goes without saying that improved biomass cook stoves are the best option for reducing the appalling death and disease from IAP caused by traditional cook stoves.  What is less clear is whether the evidence on the link to climate change is sufficiently compelling to persuade key opinion formers and policy makers to consider IAP in those terms in addition to health impacts. If it did prove to be persuasive then significant new programmes to get improved and more fuel efficient cook stoves to the masses could ensue. There is certainly consensus across the IAP expert community that carbon financing is a way to fund improved cookstove projects. The voluntary market already considers stove projects claiming CO2 reductions to be eligible as potential sources of carbon credits so it is feasible that finance from carbon trading could pay for large scale improvement programmes. A Shell Foundation backed project [6] to develop a new Patsari stove in Mexico achieved up to a 60% reduction in wood needed as fuel and an amazing 70% reduction in IAP. The study estimated that the new stoves prevented the annual emission of about 10,000 tonnes of CO2 equivalent. However, dealing on the Kyoto Protocols Clean Development Mechanism is proving immensely difficult due to the precise methodologies required. Not surprising, therefore, that only a handful of projects have so far been submitted, two projects from Nepal that replace conventional fuel sources for cooking (e.g. fuel wood and kerosene) with biogas taking three years and 300,000 US dollars to develop. Two other registered projects involve the installation of solar cookers to replace fuel wood in Indonesia and fossil fuels in India. There are also a few other projects still at the validation stage. Despite these barriers, the charity is hopeful that cooking with biomass on outdated and dangerous cookstoves will move towards centre stage as the global interest in climate change continues to explode. Admittedly the body of evidence could be bigger, but a direct link between Indoor Air Pollution and global warming that persuades governments to place as much emphasis on curtailing cookstove emissions as those from industry and cars is surely not that far off. References [1] Research needs for improving biofuel burning cookstove technologies Ahuja, D.R, 1990 Natural Resources Forum 14(2): 125—34 [2] arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.energy.25.1.741Greenhouse Implications of Household Stoves: Analysis for India K Smith et al, Annual review of Energy and the Environment Vol. 25: 741-763 (Volume publication date November 2000) [3] www.shellfoundation.org/pages/core_lines.php?p=corelines_inside_content&page=breathing&newsID=287Linking IAP to Climate Change - some key statistics [4] www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/asia-as-bad-as-west-for-global-warming-says-study-by-us-460076.html)Asia as bad as West for global warming, says study by US The Independent, 3 August 2007 [5] www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-10/acs-sfw102406.phpSoot From Wood Stoves In Developing World Impacts Global Warming More Than Expected - American Chemical Society, 24 October 2006 www.shellfoundation.org/pages/core_lines.php?p=corelines_inside_content&page=breathing&newsID=74[6] Shell Foundation stove project leads to significant health benefits for Mexican families Further Reading Greenhouse Gas Implications of Household Energy Technology in Kenya Bailis, R., Ezzati, M., and Kammen, D.M., Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 10, 2051 -2059, 2003,  10.1021/es026058q Carbon monoxide from cookstoves in developing countries: 1. Emission factors, J. Zhang, K. R. Smith et al www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6W67-3YF3NNG-10&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=aeee3e2c33980c42496c41b119b63847Chemosphere - Global Change Science Volume 1, Issues 1-3, August 1999, Pages 353-366 www.aprovecho.org/web-content/publications/assets/Global_warming_full_9-6-07.pdfLaboratory Comparison of the Global-Warming Potential of Six Categories of Biomass Cooking Stoves, Nordica MacCarty, Damon Ogle, Dean Still, Dr. Tami Bond, Christoph Roden, Dr. Bryan Willson, September 2007 Atmospheric science: Black carbon and brown clouds John Seinfeld, www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v1/n1/full/ngeo.2007.62.htmlNature Geoscience 1, 15 - 16 (2008) Low greenhouse gas biomass options for cooking in the developing countries, S. C. Bhattacharyaand P. Abdul Salam, www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V22-454TNNF-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=f681cb2455369fa3d67efdb00d1ff962Biomass and Bioenergy Volume 22, Issue 4, April 2002, Pages 305-317 www.hedon.info/goto.php/GHGStoveEmissionsHedon Knowldege Bank on GHG emissions Implications of changes in household stoves and fuel use in China Rufus D. Edwards, Kirk R. Smith, Junfeng Zhangb, Yuqing Mac, Energy www.whrc.org/policy/COP/India/04_edwards_1.pdfPolicy 32 (2004) 395–411 Health, energy, and greenhouse-gas impacts of biomass combustion in household stoves, Kirk R. Smith, www.whrc.org/policy/COP/India/Smith_1994.pdfEnergy for Sustainable Development, Volume I No. 4, November 1994 So will a redesign to more combustion efficient modern cook stoves have a dramatic impact on climate change, both in terms of reducing the amount of gases emitted by each stove, but also due to less deforestation as families required less wood to produce energy? It goes without saying that improved biomass cook stoves are the best option for reducing the appalling death and disease from IAP caused by traditional cook stoves.  What is less clear is whether the evidence on the link to climate change is sufficiently compelling to persuade key opinion formers and policy makers to consider IAP in those terms in addition to health impacts. If it did prove to be persuasive then significant new programmes to get improved and more fuel efficient cook stoves to the masses could ensue. There is certainly consensus across the IAP expert community that carbon financing is a way to fund improved cookstove projects. The voluntary market already considers stove projects claiming CO2 reductions to be eligible as potential sources of carbon credits so it is feasible that finance from carbon trading could pay for large scale improvement programmes. A Shell Foundation backed project [6] to develop a new Patsari stove in Mexico achieved up to a 60% reduction in wood needed as fuel and an amazing 70% reduction in IAP. The study estimated that the new stoves prevented the annual emission of about 10,000 tonnes of CO2 equivalent. However, dealing on the Kyoto Protocols Clean Development Mechanism is proving immensely difficult due to the precise methodologies required. Not surprising, therefore, that only a handful of projects have so far been submitted, two projects from Nepal that replace conventional fuel sources for cooking (e.g. fuel wood and kerosene) with biogas taking three years and 300,000 US dollars to develop. Two other registered projects involve the installation of solar cookers to replace fuel wood in Indonesia and fossil fuels in India. There are also a few other projects still at the validation stage. Despite these barriers, the charity is hopeful that cooking with biomass on outdated and dangerous cookstoves will move towards centre stage as the global interest in climate change continues to explode. Admittedly the body of evidence could be bigger, but a direct link between Indoor Air Pollution and global warming that persuades governments to place as much emphasis on curtailing cookstove emissions as those from industry and cars is surely not that far off. References [1] Research needs for improving biofuel burning cookstove technologies Ahuja, D.R, 1990 Natural Resources Forum 14(2): 125—34 [2] arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.energy.25.1.741Greenhouse Implications of Household Stoves: Analysis for India K Smith et al, Annual review of Energy and the Environment Vol. 25: 741-763 (Volume publication date November 2000) [3] www.shellfoundation.org/pages/core_lines.php?p=corelines_inside_content&page=breathing&newsID=287Linking IAP to Climate Change - some key statistics [4] www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/asia-as-bad-as-west-for-global-warming-says-study-by-us-460076.html)Asia as bad as West for global warming, says study by US The Independent, 3 August 2007 [5] www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-10/acs-sfw102406.phpSoot From Wood Stoves In Developing World Impacts Global Warming More Than Expected - American Chemical Society, 24 October 2006 www.shellfoundation.org/pages/core_lines.php?p=corelines_inside_content&page=breathing&newsID=74[6] Shell Foundation stove project leads to significant health benefits for Mexican families Further Reading Greenhouse Gas Implications of Household Energy Technology in Kenya Bailis, R., Ezzati, M., and Kammen, D.M., Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 10, 2051 -2059, 2003,  10.1021/es026058q Carbon monoxide from cookstoves in developing countries: 1. Emission factors, J. Zhang, K. R. Smith et al www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6W67-3YF3NNG-10&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=aeee3e2c33980c42496c41b119b63847Chemosphere - Global Change Science Volume 1, Issues 1-3, August 1999, Pages 353-366 www.aprovecho.org/web-content/publications/assets/Global_warming_full_9-6-07.pdfLaboratory Comparison of the Global-Warming Potential of Six Categories of Biomass Cooking Stoves, Nordica MacCarty, Damon Ogle, Dean Still, Dr. Tami Bond, Christoph Roden, Dr. Bryan Willson, September 2007 Atmospheric science: Black carbon and brown clouds John Seinfeld, www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v1/n1/full/ngeo.2007.62.htmlNature Geoscience 1, 15 - 16 (2008) Low greenhouse gas biomass options for cooking in the developing countries, S. C. Bhattacharyaand P. Abdul Salam, www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V22-454TNNF-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=f681cb2455369fa3d67efdb00d1ff962Biomass and Bioenergy Volume 22, Issue 4, April 2002, Pages 305-317 www.hedon.info/goto.php/GHGStoveEmissionsHedon Knowldege Bank on GHG emissions Implications of changes in household stoves and fuel use in China Rufus D. Edwards, Kirk R. Smith, Junfeng Zhangb, Yuqing Mac, Energy www.whrc.org/policy/COP/India/04_edwards_1.pdfPolicy 32 (2004) 395–411 Health, energy, and greenhouse-gas impacts of biomass combustion in household stoves, Kirk R. Smith, www.whrc.org/policy/COP/India/Smith_1994.pdfEnergy for Sustainable Development, Volume I No. 4, November 1994 So will a redesign to more combustion efficient modern cook stoves have a dramatic impact on climate change, both in terms of reducing the amount of gases emitted by each stove, but also due to less deforestation as families required less wood to produce energy? It goes without saying that improved biomass cook stoves are the best option for reducing the appalling death and disease from IAP caused by traditional cook stoves.  What is less clear is whether the evidence on the link to climate change is sufficiently compelling to persuade key opinion formers and policy makers to consider IAP in those terms in addition to health impacts. If it did prove to be persuasive then significant new programmes to get improved and more fuel efficient cook stoves to the masses could ensue. There is certainly consensus across the IAP expert community that carbon financing is a way to fund improved cookstove projects. The voluntary market already considers stove projects claiming CO2 reductions to be eligible as potential sources of carbon credits so it is feasible that finance from carbon trading could pay for large scale improvement programmes. A Shell Foundation backed project [6] to develop a new Patsari stove in Mexico achieved up to a 60% reduction in wood needed as fuel and an amazing 70% reduction in IAP. The study estimated that the new stoves prevented the annual emission of about 10,000 tonnes of CO2 equivalent. However, dealing on the Kyoto Protocols Clean Development Mechanism is proving immensely difficult due to the precise methodologies required. Not surprising, therefore, that only a handful of projects have so far been submitted, two projects from Nepal that replace conventional fuel sources for cooking (e.g. fuel wood and kerosene) with biogas taking three years and 300,000 US dollars to develop. Two other registered projects involve the installation of solar cookers to replace fuel wood in Indonesia and fossil fuels in India. There are also a few other projects still at the validation stage. Despite these barriers, the charity is hopeful that cooking with biomass on outdated and dangerous cookstoves will move towards centre stage as the global interest in climate change continues to explode. Admittedly the body of evidence could be bigger, but a direct link between Indoor Air Pollution and global warming that persuades governments to place as much emphasis on curtailing cookstove emissions as those from industry and cars is surely not that far off. References [1] Research needs for improving biofuel burning cookstove technologies Ahuja, D.R, 1990 Natural Resources Forum 14(2): 125—34 [2] arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.energy.25.1.741Greenhouse Implications of Household Stoves: Analysis for India K Smith et al, Annual review of Energy and the Environment Vol. 25: 741-763 (Volume publication date November 2000) [3] www.shellfoundation.org/pages/core_lines.php?p=corelines_inside_content&page=breathing&newsID=287Linking IAP to Climate Change - some key statistics [4] www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/asia-as-bad-as-west-for-global-warming-says-study-by-us-460076.html)Asia as bad as West for global warming, says study by US The Independent, 3 August 2007 [5] www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-10/acs-sfw102406.phpSoot From Wood Stoves In Developing World Impacts Global Warming More Than Expected - American Chemical Society, 24 October 2006 www.shellfoundation.org/pages/core_lines.php?p=corelines_inside_content&page=breathing&newsID=74[6] Shell Foundation stove project leads to significant health benefits for Mexican families Further Reading Greenhouse Gas Implications of Household Energy Technology in Kenya Bailis, R., Ezzati, M., and Kammen, D.M., Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 10, 2051 -2059, 2003,  10.1021/es026058q Carbon monoxide from cookstoves in developing countries: 1. Emission factors, J. Zhang, K. R. Smith et al www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6W67-3YF3NNG-10&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=aeee3e2c33980c42496c41b119b63847Chemosphere - Global Change Science Volume 1, Issues 1-3, August 1999, Pages 353-366 www.aprovecho.org/web-content/publications/assets/Global_warming_full_9-6-07.pdfLaboratory Comparison of the Global-Warming Potential of Six Categories of Biomass Cooking Stoves, Nordica MacCarty, Damon Ogle, Dean Still, Dr. Tami Bond, Christoph Roden, Dr. Bryan Willson, September 2007 Atmospheric science: Black carbon and brown clouds John Seinfeld, www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v1/n1/full/ngeo.2007.62.htmlNature Geoscience 1, 15 - 16 (2008) Low greenhouse gas biomass options for cooking in the developing countries, S. C. Bhattacharyaand P. Abdul Salam, www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V22-454TNNF-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=f681cb2455369fa3d67efdb00d1ff962Biomass and Bioenergy Volume 22, Issue 4, April 2002, Pages 305-317 www.hedon.info/goto.php/GHGStoveEmissionsHedon Knowldege Bank on GHG emissions Implications of changes in household stoves and fuel use in China Rufus D. Edwards, Kirk R. Smith, Junfeng Zhangb, Yuqing Mac, Energy www.whrc.org/policy/COP/India/04_edwards_1.pdfPolicy 32 (2004) 395–411 Health, energy, and greenhouse-gas impacts of biomass combustion in household stoves, Kirk R. Smith, www.whrc.org/policy/COP/India/Smith_1994.pdfEnergy for Sustainable Development, Volume I No. 4, November 1994 So will a redesign to more combustion efficient modern cook stoves have a dramatic impact on climate change, both in terms of reducing the amount of gases emitted by each stove, but also due to less deforestation as families required less wood to produce energy? It goes without saying that improved biomass cook stoves are the best option for reducing the appalling death and disease from IAP caused by traditional cook stoves.  What is less clear is whether the evidence on the link to climate change is sufficiently compelling to persuade key opinion formers and policy makers to consider IAP in those terms in addition to health impacts. If it did prove to be persuasive then significant new programmes to get improved and more fuel efficient cook stoves to the masses could ensue. There is certainly consensus across the IAP expert community that carbon financing is a way to fund improved cookstove projects. The voluntary market already considers stove projects claiming CO2 reductions to be eligible as potential sources of carbon credits so it is feasible that finance from carbon trading could pay for large scale improvement programmes. A Shell Foundation backed project [6] to develop a new Patsari stove in Mexico achieved up to a 60% reduction in wood needed as fuel and an amazing 70% reduction in IAP. The study estimated that the new stoves prevented the annual emission of about 10,000 tonnes of CO2 equivalent. However, dealing on the Kyoto Protocols Clean Development Mechanism is proving immensely difficult due to the precise methodologies required. Not surprising, therefore, that only a handful of projects have so far been submitted, two projects from Nepal that replace conventional fuel sources for cooking (e.g. fuel wood and kerosene) with biogas taking three years and 300,000 US dollars to develop. Two other registered projects involve the installation of solar cookers to replace fuel wood in Indonesia and fossil fuels in India. There are also a few other projects still at the validation stage. Despite these barriers, the charity is hopeful that cooking with biomass on outdated and dangerous cookstoves will move towards centre stage as the global interest in climate change continues to explode. Admittedly the body of evidence could be bigger, but a direct link between Indoor Air Pollution and global warming that persuades governments to place as much emphasis on curtailing cookstove emissions as those from industry and cars is surely not that far off. References [1] Research needs for improving biofuel burning cookstove technologies Ahuja, D.R, 1990 Natural Resources Forum 14(2): 125—34 [2] arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.energy.25.1.741Greenhouse Implications of Household Stoves: Analysis for India K Smith et al, Annual review of Energy and the Environment Vol. 25: 741-763 (Volume publication date November 2000) [3] www.shellfoundation.org/pages/core_lines.php?p=corelines_inside_content&page=breathing&newsID=287Linking IAP to Climate Change - some key statistics [4] www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/asia-as-bad-as-west-for-global-warming-says-study-by-us-460076.html)Asia as bad as West for global warming, says study by US The Independent, 3 August 2007 [5] www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-10/acs-sfw102406.phpSoot From Wood Stoves In Developing World Impacts Global Warming More Than Expected - American Chemical Society, 24 October 2006 www.shellfoundation.org/pages/core_lines.php?p=corelines_inside_content&page=breathing&newsID=74[6] Shell Foundation stove project leads to significant health benefits for Mexican families Further Reading Greenhouse Gas Implications of Household Energy Technology in Kenya Bailis, R., Ezzati, M., and Kammen, D.M., Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 10, 2051 -2059, 2003,  10.1021/es026058q Carbon monoxide from cookstoves in developing countries: 1. Emission factors, J. Zhang, K. R. Smith et al www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6W67-3YF3NNG-10&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=aeee3e2c33980c42496c41b119b63847Chemosphere - Global Change Science Volume 1, Issues 1-3, August 1999, Pages 353-366 www.aprovecho.org/web-content/publications/assets/Global_warming_full_9-6-07.pdfLaboratory Comparison of the Global-Warming Potential of Six Categories of Biomass Cooking Stoves, Nordica MacCarty, Damon Ogle, Dean Still, Dr. Tami Bond, Christoph Roden, Dr. Bryan Willson, September 2007 Atmospheric science: Black carbon and brown clouds John Seinfeld, www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v1/n1/full/ngeo.2007.62.htmlNature Geoscience 1, 15 - 16 (2008) Low greenhouse gas biomass options for cooking in the developing countries, S. C. Bhattacharyaand P. Abdul Salam, www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V22-454TNNF-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=f681cb2455369fa3d67efdb00d1ff962Biomass and Bioenergy Volume 22, Issue 4, April 2002, Pages 305-317 www.hedon.info/goto.php/GHGStoveEmissionsHedon Knowldege Bank on GHG emissions Implications of changes in household stoves and fuel use in China Rufus D. Edwards, Kirk R. Smith, Junfeng Zhangb, Yuqing Mac, Energy www.whrc.org/policy/COP/India/04_edwards_1.pdfPolicy 32 (2004) 395–411 Health, energy, and greenhouse-gas impacts of biomass combustion in household stoves, Kirk R. Smith, www.whrc.org/policy/COP/India/Smith_1994.pdfEnergy for Sustainable Development, Volume I No. 4, November 1994 So will a redesign to more combustion efficient modern cook stoves have a dramatic impact on climate change, both in terms of reducing the amount of gases emitted by each stove, but also due to less deforestation as families required less wood to produce energy? It goes without saying that improved biomass cook stoves are the best option for reducing the appalling death and disease from IAP caused by traditional cook stoves.  What is less clear is whether the evidence on the link to climate change is sufficiently compelling to persuade key opinion formers and policy makers to consider IAP in those terms in addition to health impacts. If it did prove to be persuasive then significant new programmes to get improved and more fuel efficient cook stoves to the masses could ensue. There is certainly consensus across the IAP expert community that carbon financing is a way to fund improved cookstove projects. The voluntary market already considers stove projects claiming CO2 reductions to be eligible as potential sources of carbon credits so it is feasible that finance from carbon trading could pay for large scale improvement programmes. A Shell Foundation backed project [6] to develop a new Patsari stove in Mexico achieved up to a 60% reduction in wood needed as fuel and an amazing 70% reduction in IAP. The study estimated that the new stoves prevented the annual emission of about 10,000 tonnes of CO2 equivalent. However, dealing on the Kyoto Protocols Clean Development Mechanism is proving immensely difficult due to the precise methodologies required. Not surprising, therefore, that only a handful of projects have so far been submitted, two projects from Nepal that replace conventional fuel sources for cooking (e.g. fuel wood and kerosene) with biogas taking three years and 300,000 US dollars to develop. Two other registered projects involve the installation of solar cookers to replace fuel wood in Indonesia and fossil fuels in India. There are also a few other projects still at the validation stage. Despite these barriers, the charity is hopeful that cooking with biomass on outdated and dangerous cookstoves will move towards centre stage as the global interest in climate change continues to explode. Admittedly the body of evidence could be bigger, but a direct link between Indoor Air Pollution and global warming that persuades governments to place as much emphasis on curtailing cookstove emissions as those from industry and cars is surely not that far off. References [1] Research needs for improving biofuel burning cookstove technologies Ahuja, D.R, 1990 Natural Resources Forum 14(2): 125—34 [2] arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.energy.25.1.741Greenhouse Implications of Household Stoves: Analysis for India K Smith et al, Annual review of Energy and the Environment Vol. 25: 741-763 (Volume publication date November 2000) [3] www.shellfoundation.org/pages/core_lines.php?p=corelines_inside_content&page=breathing&newsID=287Linking IAP to Climate Change - some key statistics [4] www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/asia-as-bad-as-west-for-global-warming-says-study-by-us-460076.html)Asia as bad as West for global warming, says study by US The Independent, 3 August 2007 [5] www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-10/acs-sfw102406.phpSoot From Wood Stoves In Developing World Impacts Global Warming More Than Expected - American Chemical Society, 24 October 2006 www.shellfoundation.org/pages/core_lines.php?p=corelines_inside_content&page=breathing&newsID=74[6] Shell Foundation stove project leads to significant health benefits for Mexican families Further Reading Greenhouse Gas Implications of Household Energy Technology in Kenya Bailis, R., Ezzati, M., and Kammen, D.M., Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 10, 2051 -2059, 2003,  10.1021/es026058q Carbon monoxide from cookstoves in developing countries: 1. Emission factors, J. Zhang, K. R. Smith et al www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6W67-3YF3NNG-10&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=aeee3e2c33980c42496c41b119b63847Chemosphere - Global Change Science Volume 1, Issues 1-3, August 1999, Pages 353-366 www.aprovecho.org/web-content/publications/assets/Global_warming_full_9-6-07.pdfLaboratory Comparison of the Global-Warming Potential of Six Categories of Biomass Cooking Stoves, Nordica MacCarty, Damon Ogle, Dean Still, Dr. Tami Bond, Christoph Roden, Dr. Bryan Willson, September 2007 Atmospheric science: Black carbon and brown clouds John Seinfeld, www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v1/n1/full/ngeo.2007.62.htmlNature Geoscience 1, 15 - 16 (2008) Low greenhouse gas biomass options for cooking in the developing countries, S. C. Bhattacharyaand P. Abdul Salam, www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V22-454TNNF-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=f681cb2455369fa3d67efdb00d1ff962Biomass and Bioenergy Volume 22, Issue 4, April 2002, Pages 305-317 www.hedon.info/goto.php/GHGStoveEmissionsHedon Knowldege Bank on GHG emissions Implications of changes in household stoves and fuel use in China Rufus D. Edwards, Kirk R. Smith, Junfeng Zhangb, Yuqing Mac, Energy www.whrc.org/policy/COP/India/04_edwards_1.pdfPolicy 32 (2004) 395–411 Health, energy, and greenhouse-gas impacts of biomass combustion in household stoves, Kirk R. Smith, www.whrc.org/policy/COP/India/Smith_1994.pdfEnergy for Sustainable Development, Volume I No. 4, November 1994 So will a redesign to more combustion efficient modern cook stoves have a dramatic impact on climate change, both in terms of reducing the amount of gases emitted by each stove, but also due to less deforestation as families required less wood to produce energy? It goes without saying that improved biomass cook stoves are the best option for reducing the appalling death and disease from IAP caused by traditional cook stoves.  What is less clear is whether the evidence on the link to climate change is sufficiently compelling to persuade key opinion formers and policy makers to consider IAP in those terms in addition to health impacts. If it did prove to be persuasive then significant new programmes to get improved and more fuel efficient cook stoves to the masses could ensue. There is certainly consensus across the IAP expert community that carbon financing is a way to fund improved cookstove projects. The voluntary market already considers stove projects claiming CO2 reductions to be eligible as potential sources of carbon credits so it is feasible that finance from carbon trading could pay for large scale improvement programmes. A Shell Foundation backed project [6] to develop a new Patsari stove in Mexico achieved up to a 60% reduction in wood needed as fuel and an amazing 70% reduction in IAP. The study estimated that the new stoves prevented the annual emission of about 10,000 tonnes of CO2 equivalent. However, dealing on the Kyoto Protocols Clean Development Mechanism is proving immensely difficult due to the precise methodologies required. Not surprising, therefore, that only a handful of projects have so far been submitted, two projects from Nepal that replace conventional fuel sources for cooking (e.g. fuel wood and kerosene) with biogas taking three years and 300,000 US dollars to develop. Two other registered projects involve the installation of solar cookers to replace fuel wood in Indonesia and fossil fuels in India. There are also a few other projects still at the validation stage. Despite these barriers, the charity is hopeful that cooking with biomass on outdated and dangerous cookstoves will move towards centre stage as the global interest in climate change continues to explode. Admittedly the body of evidence could be bigger, but a direct link between Indoor Air Pollution and global warming that persuades governments to place as much emphasis on curtailing cookstove emissions as those from industry and cars is surely not that far off. References [1] Research needs for improving biofuel burning cookstove technologies Ahuja, D.R, 1990 Natural Resources Forum 14(2): 125—34 [2] arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.energy.25.1.741Greenhouse Implications of Household Stoves: Analysis for India K Smith et al, Annual review of Energy and the Environment Vol. 25: 741-763 (Volume publication date November 2000) [3] www.shellfoundation.org/pages/core_lines.php?p=corelines_inside_content&page=breathing&newsID=287Linking IAP to Climate Change - some key statistics [4] www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/asia-as-bad-as-west-for-global-warming-says-study-by-us-460076.html)Asia as bad as West for global warming, says study by US The Independent, 3 August 2007 [5] www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-10/acs-sfw102406.phpSoot From Wood Stoves In Developing World Impacts Global Warming More Than Expected - American Chemical Society, 24 October 2006 www.shellfoundation.org/pages/core_lines.php?p=corelines_inside_content&page=breathing&newsID=74[6] Shell Foundation stove project leads to significant health benefits for Mexican families Further Reading Greenhouse Gas Implications of Household Energy Technology in Kenya Bailis, R., Ezzati, M., and Kammen, D.M., Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 10, 2051 -2059, 2003,  10.1021/es026058q Carbon monoxide from cookstoves in developing countries: 1. Emission factors, J. Zhang, K. R. Smith et al www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6W67-3YF3NNG-10&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=aeee3e2c33980c42496c41b119b63847Chemosphere - Global Change Science Volume 1, Issues 1-3, August 1999, Pages 353-366 www.aprovecho.org/web-content/publications/assets/Global_warming_full_9-6-07.pdfLaboratory Comparison of the Global-Warming Potential of Six Categories of Biomass Cooking Stoves, Nordica MacCarty, Damon Ogle, Dean Still, Dr. Tami Bond, Christoph Roden, Dr. Bryan Willson, September 2007 Atmospheric science: Black carbon and brown clouds John Seinfeld, www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v1/n1/full/ngeo.2007.62.htmlNature Geoscience 1, 15 - 16 (2008) Low greenhouse gas biomass options for cooking in the developing countries, S. C. Bhattacharyaand P. Abdul Salam, www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V22-454TNNF-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=f681cb2455369fa3d67efdb00d1ff962Biomass and Bioenergy Volume 22, Issue 4, April 2002, Pages 305-317 www.hedon.info/goto.php/GHGStoveEmissionsHedon Knowldege Bank on GHG emissions Implications of changes in household stoves and fuel use in China Rufus D. Edwards, Kirk R. Smith, Junfeng Zhangb, Yuqing Mac, Energy www.whrc.org/policy/COP/India/04_edwards_1.pdfPolicy 32 (2004) 395–411 Health, energy, and greenhouse-gas impacts of biomass combustion in household stoves, Kirk R. Smith, www.whrc.org/policy/COP/India/Smith_1994.pdfEnergy for Sustainable Development, Volume I No. 4, November 1994 So will a redesign to more combustion efficient modern cook stoves have a dramatic impact on climate change, both in terms of reducing the amount of gases emitted by each stove, but also due to less deforestation as families required less wood to produce energy? It goes without saying that improved biomass cook stoves are the best option for reducing the appalling death and disease from IAP caused by traditional cook stoves.  What is less clear is whether the evidence on the link to climate change is sufficiently compelling to persuade key opinion formers and policy makers to consider IAP in those terms in addition to health impacts. If it did prove to be persuasive then significant new programmes to get improved and more fuel efficient cook stoves to the masses could ensue. There is certainly consensus across the IAP expert community that carbon financing is a way to fund improved cookstove projects. The voluntary market already considers stove projects claiming CO2 reductions to be eligible as potential sources of carbon credits so it is feasible that finance from carbon trading could pay for large scale improvement programmes. A Shell Foundation backed project [6] to develop a new Patsari stove in Mexico achieved up to a 60% reduction in wood needed as fuel and an amazing 70% reduction in IAP. The study estimated that the new stoves prevented the annual emission of about 10,000 tonnes of CO2 equivalent. However, dealing on the Kyoto Protocols Clean Development Mechanism is proving immensely difficult due to the precise methodologies required. Not surprising, therefore, that only a handful of projects have so far been submitted, two projects from Nepal that replace conventional fuel sources for cooking (e.g. fuel wood and kerosene) with biogas taking three years and 300,000 US dollars to develop. Two other registered projects involve the installation of solar cookers to replace fuel wood in Indonesia and fossil fuels in India. There are also a few other projects still at the validation stage. Despite these barriers, the charity is hopeful that cooking with biomass on outdated and dangerous cookstoves will move towards centre stage as the global interest in climate change continues to explode. Admittedly the body of evidence could be bigger, but a direct link between Indoor Air Pollution and global warming that persuades governments to place as much emphasis on curtailing cookstove emissions as those from industry and cars is surely not that far off. References [1] Research needs for improving biofuel burning cookstove technologies Ahuja, D.R, 1990 Natural Resources Forum 14(2): 125—34 [2] arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.energy.25.1.741Greenhouse Implications of Household Stoves: Analysis for India K Smith et al, Annual review of Energy and the Environment Vol. 25: 741-763 (Volume publication date November 2000) [3] www.shellfoundation.org/pages/core_lines.php?p=corelines_inside_content&page=breathing&newsID=287Linking IAP to Climate Change - some key statistics [4] www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/asia-as-bad-as-west-for-global-warming-says-study-by-us-460076.html)Asia as bad as West for global warming, says study by US The Independent, 3 August 2007 [5] www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-10/acs-sfw102406.phpSoot From Wood Stoves In Developing World Impacts Global Warming More Than Expected - American Chemical Society, 24 October 2006 www.shellfoundation.org/pages/core_lines.php?p=corelines_inside_content&page=breathing&newsID=74[6] Shell Foundation stove project leads to significant health benefits for Mexican families Further Reading Greenhouse Gas Implications of Household Energy Technology in Kenya Bailis, R., Ezzati, M., and Kammen, D.M., Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 10, 2051 -2059, 2003,  10.1021/es026058q Carbon monoxide from cookstoves in developing countries: 1. Emission factors, J. Zhang, K. R. Smith et al www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6W67-3YF3NNG-10&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=aeee3e2c33980c42496c41b119b63847Chemosphere - Global Change Science Volume 1, Issues 1-3, August 1999, Pages 353-366 www.aprovecho.org/web-content/publications/assets/Global_warming_full_9-6-07.pdfLaboratory Comparison of the Global-Warming Potential of Six Categories of Biomass Cooking Stoves, Nordica MacCarty, Damon Ogle, Dean Still, Dr. Tami Bond, Christoph Roden, Dr. Bryan Willson, September 2007 Atmospheric science: Black carbon and brown clouds John Seinfeld, www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v1/n1/full/ngeo.2007.62.htmlNature Geoscience 1, 15 - 16 (2008) Low greenhouse gas biomass options for cooking in the developing countries, S. C. Bhattacharyaand P. Abdul Salam, www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V22-454TNNF-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=f681cb2455369fa3d67efdb00d1ff962Biomass and Bioenergy Volume 22, Issue 4, April 2002, Pages 305-317 www.hedon.info/goto.php/GHGStoveEmissionsHedon Knowldege Bank on GHG emissions Implications of changes in household stoves and fuel use in China Rufus D. Edwards, Kirk R. Smith, Junfeng Zhangb, Yuqing Mac, Energy www.whrc.org/policy/COP/India/04_edwards_1.pdfPolicy 32 (2004) 395–411 Health, energy, and greenhouse-gas impacts of biomass combustion in household stoves, Kirk R. Smith, www.whrc.org/policy/COP/India/Smith_1994.pdfEnergy for Sustainable Development, Volume I No. 4, November 1994 So will a redesign to more combustion efficient modern cook stoves have a dramatic impact on climate change, both in terms of reducing the amount of gases emitted by each stove, but also due to less deforestation as families required less wood to produce energy? It goes without saying that improved biomass cook stoves are the best option for reducing the appalling death and disease from IAP caused by traditional cook stoves.  What is less clear is whether the evidence on the link to climate change is sufficiently compelling to persuade key opinion formers and policy makers to consider IAP in those terms in addition to health impacts. If it did prove to be persuasive then significant new programmes to get improved and more fuel efficient cook stoves to the masses could ensue. There is certainly consensus across the IAP expert community that carbon financing is a way to fund improved cookstove projects. The voluntary market already considers stove projects claiming CO2 reductions to be eligible as potential sources of carbon credits so it is feasible that finance from carbon trading could pay for large scale improvement programmes. A Shell Foundation backed project [6] to develop a new Patsari stove in Mexico achieved up to a 60% reduction in wood needed as fuel and an amazing 70% reduction in IAP. The study estimated that the new stoves prevented the annual emission of about 10,000 tonnes of CO2 equivalent. However, dealing on the Kyoto Protocols Clean Development Mechanism is proving immensely difficult due to the precise methodologies required. Not surprising, therefore, that only a handful of projects have so far been submitted, two projects from Nepal that replace conventional fuel sources for cooking (e.g. fuel wood and kerosene) with biogas taking three years and 300,000 US dollars to develop. Two other registered projects involve the installation of solar cookers to replace fuel wood in Indonesia and fossil fuels in India. There are also a few other projects still at the validation stage. Despite these barriers, the charity is hopeful that cooking with biomass on outdated and dangerous cookstoves will move towards centre stage as the global interest in climate change continues to explode. Admittedly the body of evidence could be bigger, but a direct link between Indoor Air Pollution and global warming that persuades governments to place as much emphasis on curtailing cookstove emissions as those from industry and cars is surely not that far off. References [1] Research needs for improving biofuel burning cookstove technologies Ahuja, D.R, 1990 Natural Resources Forum 14(2): 125—34 [2] arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.energy.25.1.741Greenhouse Implications of Household Stoves: Analysis for India K Smith et al, Annual review of Energy and the Environment Vol. 25: 741-763 (Volume publication date November 2000) [3] www.shellfoundation.org/pages/core_lines.php?p=corelines_inside_content&page=breathing&newsID=287Linking IAP to Climate Change - some key statistics [4] www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/asia-as-bad-as-west-for-global-warming-says-study-by-us-460076.html)Asia as bad as West for global warming, says study by US The Independent, 3 August 2007 [5] www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-10/acs-sfw102406.phpSoot From Wood Stoves In Developing World Impacts Global Warming More Than Expected - American Chemical Society, 24 October 2006 www.shellfoundation.org/pages/core_lines.php?p=corelines_inside_content&page=breathing&newsID=74[6] Shell Foundation stove project leads to significant health benefits for Mexican families Further Reading Greenhouse Gas Implications of Household Energy Technology in Kenya Bailis, R., Ezzati, M., and Kammen, D.M., Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 10, 2051 -2059, 2003,  10.1021/es026058q Carbon monoxide from cookstoves in developing countries: 1. Emission factors, J. Zhang, K. R. Smith et al www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6W67-3YF3NNG-10&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=aeee3e2c33980c42496c41b119b63847Chemosphere - Global Change Science Volume 1, Issues 1-3, August 1999, Pages 353-366 www.aprovecho.org/web-content/publications/assets/Global_warming_full_9-6-07.pdfLaboratory Comparison of the Global-Warming Potential of Six Categories of Biomass Cooking Stoves, Nordica MacCarty, Damon Ogle, Dean Still, Dr. Tami Bond, Christoph Roden, Dr. Bryan Willson, September 2007 Atmospheric science: Black carbon and brown clouds John Seinfeld, www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v1/n1/full/ngeo.2007.62.htmlNature Geoscience 1, 15 - 16 (2008) Low greenhouse gas biomass options for cooking in the developing countries, S. C. Bhattacharyaand P. Abdul Salam, www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V22-454TNNF-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=f681cb2455369fa3d67efdb00d1ff962Biomass and Bioenergy Volume 22, Issue 4, April 2002, Pages 305-317 www.hedon.info/goto.php/GHGStoveEmissionsHedon Knowldege Bank on GHG emissions Implications of changes in household stoves and fuel use in China Rufus D. Edwards, Kirk R. Smith, Junfeng Zhangb, Yuqing Mac, Energy www.whrc.org/policy/COP/India/04_edwards_1.pdfPolicy 32 (2004) 395–411 Health, energy, and greenhouse-gas impacts of biomass combustion in household stoves, Kirk R. Smith, www.whrc.org/policy/COP/India/Smith_1994.pdfEnergy for Sustainable Development, Volume I No. 4, November 1994 So will a redesign to more combustion efficient modern cook stoves have a dramatic impact on climate change, both in terms of reducing the amount of gases emitted by each stove, but also due to less deforestation as families required less wood to produce energy? It goes without saying that improved biomass cook stoves are the best option for reducing the appalling death and disease from IAP caused by traditional cook stoves.  What is less clear is whether the evidence on the link to climate change is sufficiently compelling to persuade key opinion formers and policy makers to consider IAP in those terms in addition to health impacts. If it did prove to be persuasive then significant new programmes to get improved and more fuel efficient cook stoves to the masses could ensue. There is certainly consensus across the IAP expert community that carbon financing is a way to fund improved cookstove projects. The voluntary market already considers stove projects claiming CO2 reductions to be eligible as potential sources of carbon credits so it is feasible that finance from carbon trading could pay for large scale improvement programmes. A Shell Foundation backed project [6] to develop a new Patsari stove in Mexico achieved up to a 60% reduction in wood needed as fuel and an amazing 70% reduction in IAP. The study estimated that the new stoves prevented the annual emission of about 10,000 tonnes of CO2 equivalent. However, dealing on the Kyoto Protocols Clean Development Mechanism is proving immensely difficult due to the precise methodologies required. Not surprising, therefore, that only a handful of projects have so far been submitted, two projects from Nepal that replace conventional fuel sources for cooking (e.g. fuel wood and kerosene) with biogas taking three years and 300,000 US dollars to develop. Two other registered projects involve the installation of solar cookers to replace fuel wood in Indonesia and fossil fuels in India. There are also a few other projects still at the validation stage. Despite these barriers, the charity is hopeful that cooking with biomass on outdated and dangerous cookstoves will move towards centre stage as the global interest in climate change continues to explode. Admittedly the body of evidence could be bigger, but a direct link between Indoor Air Pollution and global warming that persuades governments to place as much emphasis on curtailing cookstove emissions as those from industry and cars is surely not that far off. References [1] Research needs for improving biofuel burning cookstove technologies Ahuja, D.R, 1990 Natural Resources Forum 14(2): 125—34 [2] arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.energy.25.1.741Greenhouse Implications of Household Stoves: Analysis for India K Smith et al, Annual review of Energy and the Environment Vol. 25: 741-763 (Volume publication date November 2000) [3] www.shellfoundation.org/pages/core_lines.php?p=corelines_inside_content&page=breathing&newsID=287Linking IAP to Climate Change - some key statistics [4] www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/asia-as-bad-as-west-for-global-warming-says-study-by-us-460076.html)Asia as bad as West for global warming, says study by US The Independent, 3 August 2007 [5] www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-10/acs-sfw102406.phpSoot From Wood Stoves In Developing World Impacts Global Warming More Than Expected - American Chemical Society, 24 October 2006 www.shellfoundation.org/pages/core_lines.php?p=corelines_inside_content&page=breathing&newsID=74[6] Shell Foundation stove project leads to significant health benefits for Mexican families Further Reading Greenhouse Gas Implications of Household Energy Technology in Kenya Bailis, R., Ezzati, M., and Kammen, D.M., Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 10, 2051 -2059, 2003,  10.1021/es026058q Carbon monoxide from cookstoves in developing countries: 1. Emission factors, J. Zhang, K. R. Smith et al www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6W67-3YF3NNG-10&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=aeee3e2c33980c42496c41b119b63847Chemosphere - Global Change Science Volume 1, Issues 1-3, August 1999, Pages 353-366 www.aprovecho.org/web-content/publications/assets/Global_warming_full_9-6-07.pdfLaboratory Comparison of the Global-Warming Potential of Six Categories of Biomass Cooking Stoves, Nordica MacCarty, Damon Ogle, Dean Still, Dr. Tami Bond, Christoph Roden, Dr. Bryan Willson, September 2007 Atmospheric science: Black carbon and brown clouds John Seinfeld, www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v1/n1/full/ngeo.2007.62.htmlNature Geoscience 1, 15 - 16 (2008) Low greenhouse gas biomass options for cooking in the developing countries, S. C. Bhattacharyaand P. Abdul Salam, www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V22-454TNNF-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=f681cb2455369fa3d67efdb00d1ff962Biomass and Bioenergy Volume 22, Issue 4, April 2002, Pages 305-317 www.hedon.info/goto.php/GHGStoveEmissionsHedon Knowldege Bank on GHG emissions Implications of changes in household stoves and fuel use in China Rufus D. Edwards, Kirk R. Smith, Junfeng Zhangb, Yuqing Mac, Energy www.whrc.org/policy/COP/India/04_edwards_1.pdfPolicy 32 (2004) 395–411 Health, energy, and greenhouse-gas impacts of biomass combustion in household stoves, Kirk R. Smith, www.whrc.org/policy/COP/India/Smith_1994.pdfEnergy for Sustainable Development, Volume I No. 4, November 1994 So will a redesign to more combustion efficient modern cook stoves have a dramatic impact on climate change, both in terms of reducing the amount of gases emitted by each stove, but also due to less deforestation as families required less wood to produce energy? It goes without saying that improved biomass cook stoves are the best option for reducing the appalling death and disease from IAP caused by traditional cook stoves.  What is less clear is whether the evidence on the link to climate change is sufficiently compelling to persuade key opinion formers and policy makers to consider IAP in those terms in addition to health impacts. If it did prove to be persuasive then significant new programmes to get improved and more fuel efficient cook stoves to the masses could ensue. There is certainly consensus across the IAP expert community that carbon financing is a way to fund improved cookstove projects. The voluntary market already considers stove projects claiming CO2 reductions to be eligible as potential sources of carbon credits so it is feasible that finance from carbon trading could pay for large scale improvement programmes. A Shell Foundation backed project [6] to develop a new Patsari stove in Mexico achieved up to a 60% reduction in wood needed as fuel and an amazing 70% reduction in IAP. The study estimated that the new stoves prevented the annual emission of about 10,000 tonnes of CO2 equivalent. However, dealing on the Kyoto Protocols Clean Development Mechanism is proving immensely difficult due to the precise methodologies required. Not surprising, therefore, that only a handful of projects have so far been submitted, two projects from Nepal that replace conventional fuel sources for cooking (e.g. fuel wood and kerosene) with biogas taking three years and 300,000 US dollars to develop. Two other registered projects involve the installation of solar cookers to replace fuel wood in Indonesia and fossil fuels in India. There are also a few other projects still at the validation stage. Despite these barriers, the charity is hopeful that cooking with biomass on outdated and dangerous cookstoves will move towards centre stage as the global interest in climate change continues to explode. Admittedly the body of evidence could be bigger, but a direct link between Indoor Air Pollution and global warming that persuades governments to place as much emphasis on curtailing cookstove emissions as those from industry and cars is surely not that far off. References [1] Research needs for improving biofuel burning cookstove technologies Ahuja, D.R, 1990 Natural Resources Forum 14(2): 125—34 [2] arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.energy.25.1.741Greenhouse Implications of Household Stoves: Analysis for India K Smith et al, Annual review of Energy and the Environment Vol. 25: 741-763 (Volume publication date November 2000) [3] www.shellfoundation.org/pages/core_lines.php?p=corelines_inside_content&page=breathing&newsID=287Linking IAP to Climate Change - some key statistics [4] www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/asia-as-bad-as-west-for-global-warming-says-study-by-us-460076.html)Asia as bad as West for global warming, says study by US The Independent, 3 August 2007 [5] www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-10/acs-sfw102406.phpSoot From Wood Stoves In Developing World Impacts Global Warming More Than Expected - American Chemical Society, 24 October 2006 www.shellfoundation.org/pages/core_lines.php?p=corelines_inside_content&page=breathing&newsID=74[6] Shell Foundation stove project leads to significant health benefits for Mexican families Further Reading Greenhouse Gas Implications of Household Energy Technology in Kenya Bailis, R., Ezzati, M., and Kammen, D.M., Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 10, 2051 -2059, 2003,  10.1021/es026058q Carbon monoxide from cookstoves in developing countries: 1. Emission factors, J. Zhang, K. R. Smith et al www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6W67-3YF3NNG-10&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=aeee3e2c33980c42496c41b119b63847Chemosphere - Global Change Science Volume 1, Issues 1-3, August 1999, Pages 353-366 www.aprovecho.org/web-content/publications/assets/Global_warming_full_9-6-07.pdfLaboratory Comparison of the Global-Warming Potential of Six Categories of Biomass Cooking Stoves, Nordica MacCarty, Damon Ogle, Dean Still, Dr. Tami Bond, Christoph Roden, Dr. Bryan Willson, September 2007 Atmospheric science: Black carbon and brown clouds John Seinfeld, www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v1/n1/full/ngeo.2007.62.htmlNature Geoscience 1, 15 - 16 (2008) Low greenhouse gas biomass options for cooking in the developing countries, S. C. Bhattacharyaand P. Abdul Salam, www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V22-454TNNF-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=f681cb2455369fa3d67efdb00d1ff962Biomass and Bioenergy Volume 22, Issue 4, April 2002, Pages 305-317 www.hedon.info/goto.php/GHGStoveEmissionsHedon Knowldege Bank on GHG emissions Implications of changes in household stoves and fuel use in China Rufus D. Edwards, Kirk R. Smith, Junfeng Zhangb, Yuqing Mac, Energy www.whrc.org/policy/COP/India/04_edwards_1.pdfPolicy 32 (2004) 395–411 Health, energy, and greenhouse-gas impacts of biomass combustion in household stoves, Kirk R. Smith, www.whrc.org/policy/COP/India/Smith_1994.pdfEnergy for Sustainable Development, Volume I No. 4, November 1994 So will a redesign to more combustion efficient modern cook stoves have a dramatic impact on climate change, both in terms of reducing the amount of gases emitted by each stove, but also due to less deforestation as families required less wood to produce energy? It goes without saying that improved biomass cook stoves are the best option for reducing the appalling death and disease from IAP caused by traditional cook stoves.  What is less clear is whether the evidence on the link to climate change is sufficiently compelling to persuade key opinion formers and policy makers to consider IAP in those terms in addition to health impacts. If it did prove to be persuasive then significant new programmes to get improved and more fuel efficient cook stoves to the masses could ensue. There is certainly consensus across the IAP expert community that carbon financing is a way to fund improved cookstove projects. The voluntary market already considers stove projects claiming CO2 reductions to be eligible as potential sources of carbon credits so it is feasible that finance from carbon trading could pay for large scale improvement programmes. A Shell Foundation backed project [6] to develop a new Patsari stove in Mexico achieved up to a 60% reduction in wood needed as fuel and an amazing 70% reduction in IAP. The study estimated that the new stoves prevented the annual emission of about 10,000 tonnes of CO2 equivalent. However, dealing on the Kyoto Protocols Clean Development Mechanism is proving immensely difficult due to the precise methodologies required. Not surprising, therefore, that only a handful of projects have so far been submitted, two projects from Nepal that replace conventional fuel sources for cooking (e.g. fuel wood and kerosene) with biogas taking three years and 300,000 US dollars to develop. Two other registered projects involve the installation of solar cookers to replace fuel wood in Indonesia and fossil fuels in India. There are also a few other projects still at the validation stage. Despite these barriers, the charity is hopeful that cooking with biomass on outdated and dangerous cookstoves will move towards centre stage as the global interest in climate change continues to explode. Admittedly the body of evidence could be bigger, but a direct link between Indoor Air Pollution and global warming that persuades governments to place as much emphasis on curtailing cookstove emissions as those from industry and cars is surely not that far off. References [1] Research needs for improving biofuel burning cookstove technologies Ahuja, D.R, 1990 Natural Resources Forum 14(2): 125—34 [2] arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.energy.25.1.741Greenhouse Implications of Household Stoves: Analysis for India K Smith et al, Annual review of Energy and the Environment Vol. 25: 741-763 (Volume publication date November 2000) [3] www.shellfoundation.org/pages/core_lines.php?p=corelines_inside_content&page=breathing&newsID=287Linking IAP to Climate Change - some key statistics [4] www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/asia-as-bad-as-west-for-global-warming-says-study-by-us-460076.html)Asia as bad as West for global warming, says study by US The Independent, 3 August 2007 [5] www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-10/acs-sfw102406.phpSoot From Wood Stoves In Developing World Impacts Global Warming More Than Expected - American Chemical Society, 24 October 2006 www.shellfoundation.org/pages/core_lines.php?p=corelines_inside_content&page=breathing&newsID=74[6] Shell Foundation stove project leads to significant health benefits for Mexican families Further Reading Greenhouse Gas Implications of Household Energy Technology in Kenya Bailis, R., Ezzati, M., and Kammen, D.M., Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 10, 2051 -2059, 2003,  10.1021/es026058q Carbon monoxide from cookstoves in developing countries: 1. Emission factors, J. Zhang, K. R. Smith et al www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6W67-3YF3NNG-10&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=aeee3e2c33980c42496c41b119b63847Chemosphere - Global Change Science Volume 1, Issues 1-3, August 1999, Pages 353-366 www.aprovecho.org/web-content/publications/assets/Global_warming_full_9-6-07.pdfLaboratory Comparison of the Global-Warming Potential of Six Categories of Biomass Cooking Stoves, Nordica MacCarty, Damon Ogle, Dean Still, Dr. Tami Bond, Christoph Roden, Dr. Bryan Willson, September 2007 Atmospheric science: Black carbon and brown clouds John Seinfeld, www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v1/n1/full/ngeo.2007.62.htmlNature Geoscience 1, 15 - 16 (2008) Low greenhouse gas biomass options for cooking in the developing countries, S. C. Bhattacharyaand P. Abdul Salam, www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V22-454TNNF-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=f681cb2455369fa3d67efdb00d1ff962Biomass and Bioenergy Volume 22, Issue 4, April 2002, Pages 305-317 www.hedon.info/goto.php/GHGStoveEmissionsHedon Knowldege Bank on GHG emissions Implications of changes in household stoves and fuel use in China Rufus D. Edwards, Kirk R. Smith, Junfeng Zhangb, Yuqing Mac, Energy www.whrc.org/policy/COP/India/04_edwards_1.pdfPolicy 32 (2004) 395–411 Health, energy, and greenhouse-gas impacts of biomass combustion in household stoves, Kirk R. Smith, www.whrc.org/policy/COP/India/Smith_1994.pdfEnergy for Sustainable Development, Volume I No. 4, November 1994 So will a redesign to more combustion efficient modern cook stoves have a dramatic impact on climate change, both in terms of reducing the amount of gases emitted by each stove, but also due to less deforestation as families required less wood to produce energy? It goes without saying that improved biomass cook stoves are the best option for reducing the appalling death and disease from IAP caused by traditional cook stoves.  What is less clear is whether the evidence on the link to climate change is sufficiently compelling to persuade key opinion formers and policy makers to consider IAP in those terms in addition to health impacts. If it did prove to be persuasive then significant new programmes to get improved and more fuel efficient cook stoves to the masses could ensue. There is certainly consensus across the IAP expert community that carbon financing is a way to fund improved cookstove projects. The voluntary market already considers stove projects claiming CO2 reductions to be eligible as potential sources of carbon credits so it is feasible that finance from carbon trading could pay for large scale improvement programmes. A Shell Foundation backed project [6] to develop a new Patsari stove in Mexico achieved up to a 60% reduction in wood needed as fuel and an amazing 70% reduction in IAP. The study estimated that the new stoves prevented the annual emission of about 10,000 tonnes of CO2 equivalent. However, dealing on the Kyoto Protocols Clean Development Mechanism is proving immensely difficult due to the precise methodologies required. Not surprising, therefore, that only a handful of projects have so far been submitted, two projects from Nepal that replace conventional fuel sources for cooking (e.g. fuel wood and kerosene) with biogas taking three years and 300,000 US dollars to develop. Two other registered projects involve the installation of solar cookers to replace fuel wood in Indonesia and fossil fuels in India. There are also a few other projects still at the validation stage. Despite these barriers, the charity is hopeful that cooking with biomass on outdated and dangerous cookstoves will move towards centre stage as the global interest in climate change continues to explode. Admittedly the body of evidence could be bigger, but a direct link between Indoor Air Pollution and global warming that persuades governments to place as much emphasis on curtailing cookstove emissions as those from industry and cars is surely not that far off. References [1] Research needs for improving biofuel burning cookstove technologies Ahuja, D.R, 1990 Natural Resources Forum 14(2): 125—34 [2] arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.energy.25.1.741Greenhouse Implications of Household Stoves: Analysis for India K Smith et al, Annual review of Energy and the Environment Vol. 25: 741-763 (Volume publication date November 2000) [3] www.shellfoundation.org/pages/core_lines.php?p=corelines_inside_content&page=breathing&newsID=287Linking IAP to Climate Change - some key statistics [4] www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/asia-as-bad-as-west-for-global-warming-says-study-by-us-460076.html)Asia as bad as West for global warming, says study by US The Independent, 3 August 2007 [5] www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-10/acs-sfw102406.phpSoot From Wood Stoves In Developing World Impacts Global Warming More Than Expected - American Chemical Society, 24 October 2006 www.shellfoundation.org/pages/core_lines.php?p=corelines_inside_content&page=breathing&newsID=74[6] Shell Foundation stove project leads to significant health benefits for Mexican families Further Reading Greenhouse Gas Implications of Household Energy Technology in Kenya Bailis, R., Ezzati, M., and Kammen, D.M., Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 10, 2051 -2059, 2003,  10.1021/es026058q Carbon monoxide from cookstoves in developing countries: 1. Emission factors, J. Zhang, K. R. Smith et al www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6W67-3YF3NNG-10&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=aeee3e2c33980c42496c41b119b63847Chemosphere - Global Change Science Volume 1, Issues 1-3, August 1999, Pages 353-366 www.aprovecho.org/web-content/publications/assets/Global_warming_full_9-6-07.pdfLaboratory Comparison of the Global-Warming Potential of Six Categories of Biomass Cooking Stoves, Nordica MacCarty, Damon Ogle, Dean Still, Dr. Tami Bond, Christoph Roden, Dr. Bryan Willson, September 2007 Atmospheric science: Black carbon and brown clouds John Seinfeld, www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v1/n1/full/ngeo.2007.62.htmlNature Geoscience 1, 15 - 16 (2008) Low greenhouse gas biomass options for cooking in the developing countries, S. C. Bhattacharyaand P. Abdul Salam, www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V22-454TNNF-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=f681cb2455369fa3d67efdb00d1ff962Biomass and Bioenergy Volume 22, Issue 4, April 2002, Pages 305-317 www.hedon.info/goto.php/GHGStoveEmissionsHedon Knowldege Bank on GHG emissions Implications of changes in household stoves and fuel use in China Rufus D. Edwards, Kirk R. Smith, Junfeng Zhangb, Yuqing Mac, Energy www.whrc.org/policy/COP/India/04_edwards_1.pdfPolicy 32 (2004) 395–411 Health, energy, and greenhouse-gas impacts of biomass combustion in household stoves, Kirk R. Smith, www.whrc.org/policy/COP/India/Smith_1994.pdfEnergy for Sustainable Development, Volume I No. 4, November 1994 So will a redesign to more combustion efficient modern cook stoves have a dramatic impact on climate change, both in terms of reducing the amount of gases emitted by each stove, but also due to less deforestation as families required less wood to produce energy? It goes without saying that improved biomass cook stoves are the best option for reducing the appalling death and disease from IAP caused by traditional cook stoves.  What is less clear is whether the evidence on the link to climate change is sufficiently compelling to persuade key opinion formers and policy makers to consider IAP in those terms in addition to health impacts. If it did prove to be persuasive then significant new programmes to get improved and more fuel efficient cook stoves to the masses could ensue. There is certainly consensus across the IAP expert community that carbon financing is a way to fund improved cookstove projects. The voluntary market already considers stove projects claiming CO2 reductions to be eligible as potential sources of carbon credits so it is feasible that finance from carbon trading could pay for large scale improvement programmes. A Shell Foundation backed project [6] to develop a new Patsari stove in Mexico achieved up to a 60% reduction in wood needed as fuel and an amazing 70% reduction in IAP. The study estimated that the new stoves prevented the annual emission of about 10,000 tonnes of CO2 equivalent. However, dealing on the Kyoto Protocols Clean Development Mechanism is proving immensely difficult due to the precise methodologies required. Not surprising, therefore, that only a handful of projects have so far been submitted, two projects from Nepal that replace conventional fuel sources for cooking (e.g. fuel wood and kerosene) with biogas taking three years and 300,000 US dollars to develop. Two other registered projects involve the installation of solar cookers to replace fuel wood in Indonesia and fossil fuels in India. There are also a few other projects still at the validation stage. Despite these barriers, the charity is hopeful that cooking with biomass on outdated and dangerous cookstoves will move towards centre stage as the global interest in climate change continues to explode. Admittedly the body of evidence could be bigger, but a direct link between Indoor Air Pollution and global warming that persuades governments to place as much emphasis on curtailing cookstove emissions as those from industry and cars is surely not that far off. References [1] Research needs for improving biofuel burning cookstove technologies Ahuja, D.R, 1990 Natural Resources Forum 14(2): 125—34 [2] arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.energy.25.1.741Greenhouse Implications of Household Stoves: Analysis for India K Smith et al, Annual review of Energy and the Environment Vol. 25: 741-763 (Volume publication date November 2000) [3] www.shellfoundation.org/pages/core_lines.php?p=corelines_inside_content&page=breathing&newsID=287Linking IAP to Climate Change - some key statistics [4] www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/asia-as-bad-as-west-for-global-warming-says-study-by-us-460076.html)Asia as bad as West for global warming, says study by US The Independent, 3 August 2007 [5] www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-10/acs-sfw102406.phpSoot From Wood Stoves In Developing World Impacts Global Warming More Than Expected - American Chemical Society, 24 October 2006 www.shellfoundation.org/pages/core_lines.php?p=corelines_inside_content&page=breathing&newsID=74[6] Shell Foundation stove project leads to significant health benefits for Mexican families Further Reading Greenhouse Gas Implications of Household Energy Technology in Kenya Bailis, R., Ezzati, M., and Kammen, D.M., Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 10, 2051 -2059, 2003,  10.1021/es026058q Carbon monoxide from cookstoves in developing countries: 1. Emission factors, J. Zhang, K. R. Smith et al www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6W67-3YF3NNG-10&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=aeee3e2c33980c42496c41b119b63847Chemosphere - Global Change Science Volume 1, Issues 1-3, August 1999, Pages 353-366 www.aprovecho.org/web-content/publications/assets/Global_warming_full_9-6-07.pdfLaboratory Comparison of the Global-Warming Potential of Six Categories of Biomass Cooking Stoves, Nordica MacCarty, Damon Ogle, Dean Still, Dr. Tami Bond, Christoph Roden, Dr. Bryan Willson, September 2007 Atmospheric science: Black carbon and brown clouds John Seinfeld, www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v1/n1/full/ngeo.2007.62.htmlNature Geoscience 1, 15 - 16 (2008) Low greenhouse gas biomass options for cooking in the developing countries, S. C. Bhattacharyaand P. Abdul Salam, www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V22-454TNNF-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=f681cb2455369fa3d67efdb00d1ff962Biomass and Bioenergy Volume 22, Issue 4, April 2002, Pages 305-317 www.hedon.info/goto.php/GHGStoveEmissionsHedon Knowldege Bank on GHG emissions Implications of changes in household stoves and fuel use in China Rufus D. Edwards, Kirk R. Smith, Junfeng Zhangb, Yuqing Mac, Energy www.whrc.org/policy/COP/India/04_edwards_1.pdfPolicy 32 (2004) 395–411 Health, energy, and greenhouse-gas impacts of biomass combustion in household stoves, Kirk R. Smith, www.whrc.org/policy/COP/India/Smith_1994.pdfEnergy for Sustainable Development, Volume I No. 4, November 1994 So will a redesign to more combustion efficient modern cook stoves have a dramatic impact on climate change, both in terms of reducing the amount of gases emitted by each stove, but also due to less deforestation as families required less wood to produce energy? It goes without saying that improved biomass cook stoves are the best option for reducing the appalling death and disease from IAP caused by traditional cook stoves.  What is less clear is whether the evidence on the link to climate change is sufficiently compelling to persuade key opinion formers and policy makers to consider IAP in those terms in addition to health impacts. If it did prove to be persuasive then significant new programmes to get improved and more fuel efficient cook stoves to the masses could ensue. There is certainly consensus across the IAP expert community that carbon financing is a way to fund improved cookstove projects. The voluntary market already considers stove projects claiming CO2 reductions to be eligible as potential sources of carbon credits so it is feasible that finance from carbon trading could pay for large scale improvement programmes. A Shell Foundation backed project [6] to develop a new Patsari stove in Mexico achieved up to a 60% reduction in wood needed as fuel and an amazing 70% reduction in IAP. The study estimated that the new stoves prevented the annual emission of about 10,000 tonnes of CO2 equivalent. However, dealing on the Kyoto Protocols Clean Development Mechanism is proving immensely difficult due to the precise methodologies required. Not surprising, therefore, that only a handful of projects have so far been submitted, two projects from Nepal that replace conventional fuel sources for cooking (e.g. fuel wood and kerosene) with biogas taking three years and 300,000 US dollars to develop. Two other registered projects involve the installation of solar cookers to replace fuel wood in Indonesia and fossil fuels in India. There are also a few other projects still at the validation stage. Despite these barriers, the charity is hopeful that cooking with biomass on outdated and dangerous cookstoves will move towards centre stage as the global interest in climate change continues to explode. Admittedly the body of evidence could be bigger, but a direct link between Indoor Air Pollution and global warming that persuades governments to place as much emphasis on curtailing cookstove emissions as those from industry and cars is surely not that far off. References [1] Research needs for improving biofuel burning cookstove technologies Ahuja, D.R, 1990 Natural Resources Forum 14(2): 125—34 [2] arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.energy.25.1.741Greenhouse Implications of Household Stoves: Analysis for India K Smith et al, Annual review of Energy and the Environment Vol. 25: 741-763 (Volume publication date November 2000) [3] www.shellfoundation.org/pages/core_lines.php?p=corelines_inside_content&page=breathing&newsID=287Linking IAP to Climate Change - some key statistics [4] www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/asia-as-bad-as-west-for-global-warming-says-study-by-us-460076.html)Asia as bad as West for global warming, says study by US The Independent, 3 August 2007 [5] www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-10/acs-sfw102406.phpSoot From Wood Stoves In Developing World Impacts Global Warming More Than Expected - American Chemical Society, 24 October 2006 www.shellfoundation.org/pages/core_lines.php?p=corelines_inside_content&page=breathing&newsID=74[6] Shell Foundation stove project leads to significant health benefits for Mexican families Further Reading Greenhouse Gas Implications of Household Energy Technology in Kenya Bailis, R., Ezzati, M., and Kammen, D.M., Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 10, 2051 -2059, 2003,  10.1021/es026058q Carbon monoxide from cookstoves in developing countries: 1. Emission factors, J. Zhang, K. R. Smith et al www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6W67-3YF3NNG-10&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=aeee3e2c33980c42496c41b119b63847Chemosphere - Global Change Science Volume 1, Issues 1-3, August 1999, Pages 353-366 www.aprovecho.org/web-content/publications/assets/Global_warming_full_9-6-07.pdfLaboratory Comparison of the Global-Warming Potential of Six Categories of Biomass Cooking Stoves, Nordica MacCarty, Damon Ogle, Dean Still, Dr. Tami Bond, Christoph Roden, Dr. Bryan Willson, September 2007 Atmospheric science: Black carbon and brown clouds John Seinfeld, www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v1/n1/full/ngeo.2007.62.htmlNature Geoscience 1, 15 - 16 (2008) Low greenhouse gas biomass options for cooking in the developing countries, S. C. Bhattacharyaand P. Abdul Salam, www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V22-454TNNF-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=f681cb2455369fa3d67efdb00d1ff962Biomass and Bioenergy Volume 22, Issue 4, April 2002, Pages 305-317 www.hedon.info/goto.php/GHGStoveEmissionsHedon Knowldege Bank on GHG emissions Implications of changes in household stoves and fuel use in China Rufus D. Edwards, Kirk R. Smith, Junfeng Zhangb, Yuqing Mac, Energy www.whrc.org/policy/COP/India/04_edwards_1.pdfPolicy 32 (2004) 395–411 Health, energy, and greenhouse-gas impacts of biomass combustion in household stoves, Kirk R. Smith, www.whrc.org/policy/COP/India/Smith_1994.pdfEnergy for Sustainable Development, Volume I No. 4, November 1994 So will a redesign to more combustion efficient modern cook stoves have a dramatic impact on climate change, both in terms of reducing the amount of gases emitted by each stove, but also due to less deforestation as families required less wood to produce energy? It goes without saying that improved biomass cook stoves are the best option for reducing the appalling death and disease from IAP caused by traditional cook stoves.  What is less clear is whether the evidence on the link to climate change is sufficiently compelling to persuade key opinion formers and policy makers to consider IAP in those terms in addition to health impacts. If it did prove to be persuasive then significant new programmes to get improved and more fuel efficient cook stoves to the masses could ensue. There is certainly consensus across the IAP expert community that carbon financing is a way to fund improved cookstove projects. The voluntary market already considers stove projects claiming CO2 reductions to be eligible as potential sources of carbon credits so it is feasible that finance from carbon trading could pay for large scale improvement programmes. A Shell Foundation backed project [6] to develop a new Patsari stove in Mexico achieved up to a 60% reduction in wood needed as fuel and an amazing 70% reduction in IAP. The study estimated that the new stoves prevented the annual emission of about 10,000 tonnes of CO2 equivalent. However, dealing on the Kyoto Protocols Clean Development Mechanism is proving immensely difficult due to the precise methodologies required. Not surprising, therefore, that only a handful of projects have so far been submitted, two projects from Nepal that replace conventional fuel sources for cooking (e.g. fuel wood and kerosene) with biogas taking three years and 300,000 US dollars to develop. Two other registered projects involve the installation of solar cookers to replace fuel wood in Indonesia and fossil fuels in India. There are also a few other projects still at the validation stage. Despite these barriers, the charity is hopeful that cooking with biomass on outdated and dangerous cookstoves will move towards centre stage as the global interest in climate change continues to explode. Admittedly the body of evidence could be bigger, but a direct link between Indoor Air Pollution and global warming that persuades governments to place as much emphasis on curtailing cookstove emissions as those from industry and cars is surely not that far off. References [1] Research needs for improving biofuel burning cookstove technologies Ahuja, D.R, 1990 Natural Resources Forum 14(2): 125—34 [2] arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.energy.25.1.741Greenhouse Implications of Household Stoves: Analysis for India K Smith et al, Annual review of Energy and the Environment Vol. 25: 741-763 (Volume publication date November 2000) [3] www.shellfoundation.org/pages/core_lines.php?p=corelines_inside_content&page=breathing&newsID=287Linking IAP to Climate Change - some key statistics [4] www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/asia-as-bad-as-west-for-global-warming-says-study-by-us-460076.html)Asia as bad as West for global warming, says study by US The Independent, 3 August 2007 [5] www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-10/acs-sfw102406.phpSoot From Wood Stoves In Developing World Impacts Global Warming More Than Expected - American Chemical Society, 24 October 2006 www.shellfoundation.org/pages/core_lines.php?p=corelines_inside_content&page=breathing&newsID=74[6] Shell Foundation stove project leads to significant health benefits for Mexican families Further Reading Greenhouse Gas Implications of Household Energy Technology in Kenya Bailis, R., Ezzati, M., and Kammen, D.M., Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 10, 2051 -2059, 2003,  10.1021/es026058q Carbon monoxide from cookstoves in developing countries: 1. Emission factors, J. Zhang, K. R. Smith et al www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6W67-3YF3NNG-10&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=aeee3e2c33980c42496c41b119b63847Chemosphere - Global Change Science Volume 1, Issues 1-3, August 1999, Pages 353-366 www.aprovecho.org/web-content/publications/assets/Global_warming_full_9-6-07.pdfLaboratory Comparison of the Global-Warming Potential of Six Categories of Biomass Cooking Stoves, Nordica MacCarty, Damon Ogle, Dean Still, Dr. Tami Bond, Christoph Roden, Dr. Bryan Willson, September 2007 Atmospheric science: Black carbon and brown clouds John Seinfeld, www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v1/n1/full/ngeo.2007.62.htmlNature Geoscience 1, 15 - 16 (2008) Low greenhouse gas biomass options for cooking in the developing countries, S. C. Bhattacharyaand P. Abdul Salam, www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V22-454TNNF-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=f681cb2455369fa3d67efdb00d1ff962Biomass and Bioenergy Volume 22, Issue 4, April 2002, Pages 305-317 www.hedon.info/goto.php/GHGStoveEmissionsHedon Knowldege Bank on GHG emissions Implications of changes in household stoves and fuel use in China Rufus D. Edwards, Kirk R. Smith, Junfeng Zhangb, Yuqing Mac, Energy www.whrc.org/policy/COP/India/04_edwards_1.pdfPolicy 32 (2004) 395–411 Health, energy, and greenhouse-gas impacts of biomass combustion in household stoves, Kirk R. Smith, www.whrc.org/policy/COP/India/Smith_1994.pdfEnergy for Sustainable Development, Volume I No. 4, November 1994 So will a redesign to more combustion efficient modern cook stoves have a dramatic impact on climate change, both in terms of reducing the amount of gases emitted by each stove, but also due to less deforestation as families required less wood to produce energy? It goes without saying that improved biomass cook stoves are the best option for reducing the appalling death and disease from IAP caused by traditional cook stoves.  What is less clear is whether the evidence on the link to climate change is sufficiently compelling to persuade key opinion formers and policy makers to consider IAP in those terms in addition to health impacts. If it did prove to be persuasive then significant new programmes to get improved and more fuel efficient cook stoves to the masses could ensue. There is certainly consensus across the IAP expert community that carbon financing is a way to fund improved cookstove projects. The voluntary market already considers stove projects claiming CO2 reductions to be eligible as potential sources of carbon credits so it is feasible that finance from carbon trading could pay for large scale improvement programmes. A Shell Foundation backed project [6] to develop a new Patsari stove in Mexico achieved up to a 60% reduction in wood needed as fuel and an amazing 70% reduction in IAP. The study estimated that the new stoves prevented the annual emission of about 10,000 tonnes of CO2 equivalent. However, dealing on the Kyoto Protocols Clean Development Mechanism is proving immensely difficult due to the precise methodologies required. Not surprising, therefore, that only a handful of projects have so far been submitted, two projects from Nepal that replace conventional fuel sources for cooking (e.g. fuel wood and kerosene) with biogas taking three years and 300,000 US dollars to develop. Two other registered projects involve the installation of solar cookers to replace fuel wood in Indonesia and fossil fuels in India. There are also a few other projects still at the validation stage. Despite these barriers, the charity is hopeful that cooking with biomass on outdated and dangerous cookstoves will move towards centre stage as the global interest in climate change continues to explode. Admittedly the body of evidence could be bigger, but a direct link between Indoor Air Pollution and global warming that persuades governments to place as much emphasis on curtailing cookstove emissions as those from industry and cars is surely not that far off. References [1] Research needs for improving biofuel burning cookstove technologies Ahuja, D.R, 1990 Natural Resources Forum 14(2): 125—34 [2] arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.energy.25.1.741Greenhouse Implications of Household Stoves: Analysis for India K Smith et al, Annual review of Energy and the Environment Vol. 25: 741-763 (Volume publication date November 2000) [3] www.shellfoundation.org/pages/core_lines.php?p=corelines_inside_content&page=breathing&newsID=287Linking IAP to Climate Change - some key statistics [4] www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/asia-as-bad-as-west-for-global-warming-says-study-by-us-460076.html)Asia as bad as West for global warming, says study by US The Independent, 3 August 2007 [5] www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-10/acs-sfw102406.phpSoot From Wood Stoves In Developing World Impacts Global Warming More Than Expected - American Chemical Society, 24 October 2006 www.shellfoundation.org/pages/core_lines.php?p=corelines_inside_content&page=breathing&newsID=74[6] Shell Foundation stove project leads to significant health benefits for Mexican families Further Reading Greenhouse Gas Implications of Household Energy Technology in Kenya Bailis, R., Ezzati, M., and Kammen, D.M., Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 10, 2051 -2059, 2003,  10.1021/es026058q Carbon monoxide from cookstoves in developing countries: 1. Emission factors, J. Zhang, K. R. Smith et al www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6W67-3YF3NNG-10&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=aeee3e2c33980c42496c41b119b63847Chemosphere - Global Change Science Volume 1, Issues 1-3, August 1999, Pages 353-366 www.aprovecho.org/web-content/publications/assets/Global_warming_full_9-6-07.pdfLaboratory Comparison of the Global-Warming Potential of Six Categories of Biomass Cooking Stoves, Nordica MacCarty, Damon Ogle, Dean Still, Dr. Tami Bond, Christoph Roden, Dr. Bryan Willson, September 2007 Atmospheric science: Black carbon and brown clouds John Seinfeld, www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v1/n1/full/ngeo.2007.62.htmlNature Geoscience 1, 15 - 16 (2008) Low greenhouse gas biomass options for cooking in the developing countries, S. C. Bhattacharyaand P. Abdul Salam, www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V22-454TNNF-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=f681cb2455369fa3d67efdb00d1ff962Biomass and Bioenergy Volume 22, Issue 4, April 2002, Pages 305-317 www.hedon.info/goto.php/GHGStoveEmissionsHedon Knowldege Bank on GHG emissions Implications of changes in household stoves and fuel use in China Rufus D. Edwards, Kirk R. Smith, Junfeng Zhangb, Yuqing Mac, Energy www.whrc.org/policy/COP/India/04_edwards_1.pdfPolicy 32 (2004) 395–411 Health, energy, and greenhouse-gas impacts of biomass combustion in household stoves, Kirk R. Smith, www.whrc.org/policy/COP/India/Smith_1994.pdfEnergy for Sustainable Development, Volume I No. 4, November 1994 So will a redesign to more combustion efficient modern cook stoves have a dramatic impact on climate change, both in terms of reducing the amount of gases emitted by each stove, but also due to less deforestation as families required less wood to produce energy? It goes without saying that improved biomass cook stoves are the best option for reducing the appalling death and disease from IAP caused by traditional cook stoves.  What is less clear is whether the evidence on the link to climate change is sufficiently compelling to persuade key opinion formers and policy makers to consider IAP in those terms in addition to health impacts. If it did prove to be persuasive then significant new programmes to get improved and more fuel efficient cook stoves to the masses could ensue. There is certainly consensus across the IAP expert community that carbon financing is a way to fund improved cookstove projects. The voluntary market already considers stove projects claiming CO2 reductions to be eligible as potential sources of carbon credits so it is feasible that finance from carbon trading could pay for large scale improvement programmes. A Shell Foundation backed project [6] to develop a new Patsari stove in Mexico achieved up to a 60% reduction in wood needed as fuel and an amazing 70% reduction in IAP. The study estimated that the new stoves prevented the annual emission of about 10,000 tonnes of CO2 equivalent. However, dealing on the Kyoto Protocols Clean Development Mechanism is proving immensely difficult due to the precise methodologies required. Not surprising, therefore, that only a handful of projects have so far been submitted, two projects from Nepal that replace conventional fuel sources for cooking (e.g. fuel wood and kerosene) with biogas taking three years and 300,000 US dollars to develop. Two other registered projects involve the installation of solar cookers to replace fuel wood in Indonesia and fossil fuels in India. There are also a few other projects still at the validation stage. Despite these barriers, the charity is hopeful that cooking with biomass on outdated and dangerous cookstoves will move towards centre stage as the global interest in climate change continues to explode. Admittedly the body of evidence could be bigger, but a direct link between Indoor Air Pollution and global warming that persuades governments to place as much emphasis on curtailing cookstove emissions as those from industry and cars is surely not that far off. References [1] Research needs for improving biofuel burning cookstove technologies Ahuja, D.R, 1990 Natural Resources Forum 14(2): 125—34 [2] arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.energy.25.1.741Greenhouse Implications of Household Stoves: Analysis for India K Smith et al, Annual review of Energy and the Environment Vol. 25: 741-763 (Volume publication date November 2000) [3] www.shellfoundation.org/pages/core_lines.php?p=corelines_inside_content&page=breathing&newsID=287Linking IAP to Climate Change - some key statistics [4] www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/asia-as-bad-as-west-for-global-warming-says-study-by-us-460076.html)Asia as bad as West for global warming, says study by US The Independent, 3 August 2007 [5] www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-10/acs-sfw102406.phpSoot From Wood Stoves In Developing World Impacts Global Warming More Than Expected - American Chemical Society, 24 October 2006 www.shellfoundation.org/pages/core_lines.php?p=corelines_inside_content&page=breathing&newsID=74[6] Shell Foundation stove project leads to significant health benefits for Mexican families Further Reading Greenhouse Gas Implications of Household Energy Technology in Kenya Bailis, R., Ezzati, M., and Kammen, D.M., Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 10, 2051 -2059, 2003,  10.1021/es026058q Carbon monoxide from cookstoves in developing countries: 1. Emission factors, J. Zhang, K. R. Smith et al www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6W67-3YF3NNG-10&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=aeee3e2c33980c42496c41b119b63847Chemosphere - Global Change Science Volume 1, Issues 1-3, August 1999, Pages 353-366 www.aprovecho.org/web-content/publications/assets/Global_warming_full_9-6-07.pdfLaboratory Comparison of the Global-Warming Potential of Six Categories of Biomass Cooking Stoves, Nordica MacCarty, Damon Ogle, Dean Still, Dr. Tami Bond, Christoph Roden, Dr. Bryan Willson, September 2007 Atmospheric science: Black carbon and brown clouds John Seinfeld, www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v1/n1/full/ngeo.2007.62.htmlNature Geoscience 1, 15 - 16 (2008) Low greenhouse gas biomass options for cooking in the developing countries, S. C. Bhattacharyaand P. Abdul Salam, www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V22-454TNNF-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=f681cb2455369fa3d67efdb00d1ff962Biomass and Bioenergy Volume 22, Issue 4, April 2002, Pages 305-317 www.hedon.info/goto.php/GHGStoveEmissionsHedon Knowldege Bank on GHG emissions Implications of changes in household stoves and fuel use in China Rufus D. Edwards, Kirk R. Smith, Junfeng Zhangb, Yuqing Mac, Energy www.whrc.org/policy/COP/India/04_edwards_1.pdfPolicy 32 (2004) 395–411 Health, energy, and greenhouse-gas impacts of biomass combustion in household stoves, Kirk R. Smith, www.whrc.org/policy/COP/India/Smith_1994.pdfEnergy for Sustainable Development, Volume I No. 4, November 1994 So will a redesign to more combustion efficient modern cook stoves have a dramatic impact on climate change, both in terms of reducing the amount of gases emitted by each stove, but also due to less deforestation as families required less wood to produce energy? It goes without saying that improved biomass cook stoves are the best option for reducing the appalling death and disease from IAP caused by traditional cook stoves.  What is less clear is whether the evidence on the link to climate change is sufficiently compelling to persuade key opinion formers and policy makers to consider IAP in those terms in addition to health impacts. If it did prove to be persuasive then significant new programmes to get improved and more fuel efficient cook stoves to the masses could ensue. There is certainly consensus across the IAP expert community that carbon financing is a way to fund improved cookstove projects. The voluntary market already considers stove projects claiming CO2 reductions to be eligible as potential sources of carbon credits so it is feasible that finance from carbon trading could pay for large scale improvement programmes. A Shell Foundation backed project [6] to develop a new Patsari stove in Mexico achieved up to a 60% reduction in wood needed as fuel and an amazing 70% reduction in IAP. The study estimated that the new stoves prevented the annual emission of about 10,000 tonnes of CO2 equivalent. However, dealing on the Kyoto Protocols Clean Development Mechanism is proving immensely difficult due to the precise methodologies required. Not surprising, therefore, that only a handful of projects have so far been submitted, two projects from Nepal that replace conventional fuel sources for cooking (e.g. fuel wood and kerosene) with biogas taking three years and 300,000 US dollars to develop. Two other registered projects involve the installation of solar cookers to replace fuel wood in Indonesia and fossil fuels in India. There are also a few other projects still at the validation stage. Despite these barriers, the charity is hopeful that cooking with biomass on outdated and dangerous cookstoves will move towards centre stage as the global interest in climate change continues to explode. Admittedly the body of evidence could be bigger, but a direct link between Indoor Air Pollution and global warming that persuades governments to place as much emphasis on curtailing cookstove emissions as those from industry and cars is surely not that far off. References [1] Research needs for improving biofuel burning cookstove technologies Ahuja, D.R, 1990 Natural Resources Forum 14(2): 125—34 [2] arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.energy.25.1.741Greenhouse Implications of Household Stoves: Analysis for India K Smith et al, Annual review of Energy and the Environment Vol. 25: 741-763 (Volume publication date November 2000) [3] www.shellfoundation.org/pages/core_lines.php?p=corelines_inside_content&page=breathing&newsID=287Linking IAP to Climate Change - some key statistics [4] www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/asia-as-bad-as-west-for-global-warming-says-study-by-us-460076.html)Asia as bad as West for global warming, says study by US The Independent, 3 August 2007 [5] www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-10/acs-sfw102406.phpSoot From Wood Stoves In Developing World Impacts Global Warming More Than Expected - American Chemical Society, 24 October 2006 www.shellfoundation.org/pages/core_lines.php?p=corelines_inside_content&page=breathing&newsID=74[6] Shell Foundation stove project leads to significant health benefits for Mexican families Further Reading Greenhouse Gas Implications of Household Energy Technology in Kenya Bailis, R., Ezzati, M., and Kammen, D.M., Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 10, 2051 -2059, 2003,  10.1021/es026058q Carbon monoxide from cookstoves in developing countries: 1. Emission factors, J. Zhang, K. R. Smith et al www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6W67-3YF3NNG-10&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=aeee3e2c33980c42496c41b119b63847Chemosphere - Global Change Science Volume 1, Issues 1-3, August 1999, Pages 353-366 www.aprovecho.org/web-content/publications/assets/Global_warming_full_9-6-07.pdfLaboratory Comparison of the Global-Warming Potential of Six Categories of Biomass Cooking Stoves, Nordica MacCarty, Damon Ogle, Dean Still, Dr. Tami Bond, Christoph Roden, Dr. Bryan Willson, September 2007 Atmospheric science: Black carbon and brown clouds John Seinfeld, www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v1/n1/full/ngeo.2007.62.htmlNature Geoscience 1, 15 - 16 (2008) Low greenhouse gas biomass options for cooking in the developing countries, S. C. Bhattacharyaand P. Abdul Salam, www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V22-454TNNF-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=f681cb2455369fa3d67efdb00d1ff962Biomass and Bioenergy Volume 22, Issue 4, April 2002, Pages 305-317 www.hedon.info/goto.php/GHGStoveEmissionsHedon Knowldege Bank on GHG emissions Implications of changes in household stoves and fuel use in China Rufus D. Edwards, Kirk R. Smith, Junfeng Zhangb, Yuqing Mac, Energy www.whrc.org/policy/COP/India/04_edwards_1.pdfPolicy 32 (2004) 395–411 Health, energy, and greenhouse-gas impacts of biomass combustion in household stoves, Kirk R. Smith, www.whrc.org/policy/COP/India/Smith_1994.pdfEnergy for Sustainable Development, Volume I No. 4, November 1994 So will a redesign to more combustion efficient modern cook stoves have a dramatic impact on climate change, both in terms of reducing the amount of gases emitted by each stove, but also due to less deforestation as families required less wood to produce energy? It goes without saying that improved biomass cook stoves are the best option for reducing the appalling death and disease from IAP caused by traditional cook stoves.  What is less clear is whether the evidence on the link to climate change is sufficiently compelling to persuade key opinion formers and policy makers to consider IAP in those terms in addition to health impacts. If it did prove to be persuasive then significant new programmes to get improved and more fuel efficient cook stoves to the masses could ensue. There is certainly consensus across the IAP expert community that carbon financing is a way to fund improved cookstove projects. The voluntary market already considers stove projects claiming CO2 reductions to be eligible as potential sources of carbon credits so it is feasible that finance from carbon trading could pay for large scale improvement programmes. A Shell Foundation backed project [6] to develop a new Patsari stove in Mexico achieved up to a 60% reduction in wood needed as fuel and an amazing 70% reduction in IAP. The study estimated that the new stoves prevented the annual emission of about 10,000 tonnes of CO2 equivalent. However, dealing on the Kyoto Protocols Clean Development Mechanism is proving immensely difficult due to the precise methodologies required. Not surprising, therefore, that only a handful of projects have so far been submitted, two projects from Nepal that replace conventional fuel sources for cooking (e.g. fuel wood and kerosene) with biogas taking three years and 300,000 US dollars to develop. Two other registered projects involve the installation of solar cookers to replace fuel wood in Indonesia and fossil fuels in India. There are also a few other projects still at the validation stage. Despite these barriers, the charity is hopeful that cooking with biomass on outdated and dangerous cookstoves will move towards centre stage as the global interest in climate change continues to explode. Admittedly the body of evidence could be bigger, but a direct link between Indoor Air Pollution and global warming that persuades governments to place as much emphasis on curtailing cookstove emissions as those from industry and cars is surely not that far off. References [1] Research needs for improving biofuel burning cookstove technologies Ahuja, D.R, 1990 Natural Resources Forum 14(2): 125—34 [2] arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.energy.25.1.741Greenhouse Implications of Household Stoves: Analysis for India K Smith et al, Annual review of Energy and the Environment Vol. 25: 741-763 (Volume publication date November 2000) [3] www.shellfoundation.org/pages/core_lines.php?p=corelines_inside_content&page=breathing&newsID=287Linking IAP to Climate Change - some key statistics [4] www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/asia-as-bad-as-west-for-global-warming-says-study-by-us-460076.html)Asia as bad as West for global warming, says study by US The Independent, 3 August 2007 [5] www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-10/acs-sfw102406.phpSoot From Wood Stoves In Developing World Impacts Global Warming More Than Expected - American Chemical Society, 24 October 2006 www.shellfoundation.org/pages/core_lines.php?p=corelines_inside_content&page=breathing&newsID=74[6] Shell Foundation stove project leads to significant health benefits for Mexican families Further Reading Greenhouse Gas Implications of Household Energy Technology in Kenya Bailis, R., Ezzati, M., and Kammen, D.M., Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 10, 2051 -2059, 2003,  10.1021/es026058q Carbon monoxide from cookstoves in developing countries: 1. Emission factors, J. Zhang, K. R. Smith et al www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6W67-3YF3NNG-10&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=aeee3e2c33980c42496c41b119b63847Chemosphere - Global Change Science Volume 1, Issues 1-3, August 1999, Pages 353-366 www.aprovecho.org/web-content/publications/assets/Global_warming_full_9-6-07.pdfLaboratory Comparison of the Global-Warming Potential of Six Categories of Biomass Cooking Stoves, Nordica MacCarty, Damon Ogle, Dean Still, Dr. Tami Bond, Christoph Roden, Dr. Bryan Willson, September 2007 Atmospheric science: Black carbon and brown clouds John Seinfeld, www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v1/n1/full/ngeo.2007.62.htmlNature Geoscience 1, 15 - 16 (2008) Low greenhouse gas biomass options for cooking in the developing countries, S. C. Bhattacharyaand P. Abdul Salam, www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V22-454TNNF-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=f681cb2455369fa3d67efdb00d1ff962Biomass and Bioenergy Volume 22, Issue 4, April 2002, Pages 305-317 www.hedon.info/goto.php/GHGStoveEmissionsHedon Knowldege Bank on GHG emissions Implications of changes in household stoves and fuel use in China Rufus D. Edwards, Kirk R. Smith, Junfeng Zhangb, Yuqing Mac, Energy www.whrc.org/policy/COP/India/04_edwards_1.pdfPolicy 32 (2004) 395–411 Health, energy, and greenhouse-gas impacts of biomass combustion in household stoves, Kirk R. Smith, www.whrc.org/policy/COP/India/Smith_1994.pdfEnergy for Sustainable Development, Volume I No. 4, November 1994 So will a redesign to more combustion efficient modern cook stoves have a dramatic impact on climate change, both in terms of reducing the amount of gases emitted by each stove, but also due to less deforestation as families required less wood to produce energy? It goes without saying that improved biomass cook stoves are the best option for reducing the appalling death and disease from IAP caused by traditional cook stoves.  What is less clear is whether the evidence on the link to climate change is sufficiently compelling to persuade key opinion formers and policy makers to consider IAP in those terms in addition to health impacts. If it did prove to be persuasive then significant new programmes to get improved and more fuel efficient cook stoves to the masses could ensue. There is certainly consensus across the IAP expert community that carbon financing is a way to fund improved cookstove projects. The voluntary market already considers stove projects claiming CO2 reductions to be eligible as potential sources of carbon credits so it is feasible that finance from carbon trading could pay for large scale improvement programmes. A Shell Foundation backed project [6] to develop a new Patsari stove in Mexico achieved up to a 60% reduction in wood needed as fuel and an amazing 70% reduction in IAP. The study estimated that the new stoves prevented the annual emission of about 10,000 tonnes of CO2 equivalent. However, dealing on the Kyoto Protocols Clean Development Mechanism is proving immensely difficult due to the precise methodologies required. Not surprising, therefore, that only a handful of projects have so far been submitted, two projects from Nepal that replace conventional fuel sources for cooking (e.g. fuel wood and kerosene) with biogas taking three years and 300,000 US dollars to develop. Two other registered projects involve the installation of solar cookers to replace fuel wood in Indonesia and fossil fuels in India. There are also a few other projects still at the validation stage. Despite these barriers, the charity is hopeful that cooking with biomass on outdated and dangerous cookstoves will move towards centre stage as the global interest in climate change continues to explode. Admittedly the body of evidence could be bigger, but a direct link between Indoor Air Pollution and global warming that persuades governments to place as much emphasis on curtailing cookstove emissions as those from industry and cars is surely not that far off. References [1] Research needs for improving biofuel burning cookstove technologies Ahuja, D.R, 1990 Natural Resources Forum 14(2): 125—34 [2] arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.energy.25.1.741Greenhouse Implications of Household Stoves: Analysis for India K Smith et al, Annual review of Energy and the Environment Vol. 25: 741-763 (Volume publication date November 2000) [3] www.shellfoundation.org/pages/core_lines.php?p=corelines_inside_content&page=breathing&newsID=287Linking IAP to Climate Change - some key statistics [4] www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/asia-as-bad-as-west-for-global-warming-says-study-by-us-460076.html)Asia as bad as West for global warming, says study by US The Independent, 3 August 2007 [5] www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-10/acs-sfw102406.phpSoot From Wood Stoves In Developing World Impacts Global Warming More Than Expected - American Chemical Society, 24 October 2006 www.shellfoundation.org/pages/core_lines.php?p=corelines_inside_content&page=breathing&newsID=74[6] Shell Foundation stove project leads to significant health benefits for Mexican families Further Reading Greenhouse Gas Implications of Household Energy Technology in Kenya Bailis, R., Ezzati, M., and Kammen, D.M., Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 10, 2051 -2059, 2003,  10.1021/es026058q Carbon monoxide from cookstoves in developing countries: 1. Emission factors, J. Zhang, K. R. Smith et al www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6W67-3YF3NNG-10&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=aeee3e2c33980c42496c41b119b63847Chemosphere - Global Change Science Volume 1, Issues 1-3, August 1999, Pages 353-366 www.aprovecho.org/web-content/publications/assets/Global_warming_full_9-6-07.pdfLaboratory Comparison of the Global-Warming Potential of Six Categories of Biomass Cooking Stoves, Nordica MacCarty, Damon Ogle, Dean Still, Dr. Tami Bond, Christoph Roden, Dr. Bryan Willson, September 2007 Atmospheric science: Black carbon and brown clouds John Seinfeld, www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v1/n1/full/ngeo.2007.62.htmlNature Geoscience 1, 15 - 16 (2008) Low greenhouse gas biomass options for cooking in the developing countries, S. C. Bhattacharyaand P. Abdul Salam, www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V22-454TNNF-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=f681cb2455369fa3d67efdb00d1ff962Biomass and Bioenergy Volume 22, Issue 4, April 2002, Pages 305-317 www.hedon.info/goto.php/GHGStoveEmissionsHedon Knowldege Bank on GHG emissions Implications of changes in household stoves and fuel use in China Rufus D. Edwards, Kirk R. Smith, Junfeng Zhangb, Yuqing Mac, Energy www.whrc.org/policy/COP/India/04_edwards_1.pdfPolicy 32 (2004) 395–411 Health, energy, and greenhouse-gas impacts of biomass combustion in household stoves, Kirk R. Smith, www.whrc.org/policy/COP/India/Smith_1994.pdfEnergy for Sustainable Development, Volume I No. 4, November 1994 So will a redesign to more combustion efficient modern cook stoves have a dramatic impact on climate change, both in terms of reducing the amount of gases emitted by each stove, but also due to less deforestation as families required less wood to produce energy? It goes without saying that improved biomass cook stoves are the best option for reducing the appalling death and disease from IAP caused by traditional cook stoves.  What is less clear is whether the evidence on the link to climate change is sufficiently compelling to persuade key opinion formers and policy makers to consider IAP in those terms in addition to health impacts. If it did prove to be persuasive then significant new programmes to get improved and more fuel efficient cook stoves to the masses could ensue. There is certainly consensus across the IAP expert community that carbon financing is a way to fund improved cookstove projects. The voluntary market already considers stove projects claiming CO2 reductions to be eligible as potential sources of carbon credits so it is feasible that finance from carbon trading could pay for large scale improvement programmes. A Shell Foundation backed project [6] to develop a new Patsari stove in Mexico achieved up to a 60% reduction in wood needed as fuel and an amazing 70% reduction in IAP. The study estimated that the new stoves prevented the annual emission of about 10,000 tonnes of CO2 equivalent. However, dealing on the Kyoto Protocols Clean Development Mechanism is proving immensely difficult due to the precise methodologies required. Not surprising, therefore, that only a handful of projects have so far been submitted, two projects from Nepal that replace conventional fuel sources for cooking (e.g. fuel wood and kerosene) with biogas taking three years and 300,000 US dollars to develop. Two other registered projects involve the installation of solar cookers to replace fuel wood in Indonesia and fossil fuels in India. There are also a few other projects still at the validation stage. Despite these barriers, the charity is hopeful that cooking with biomass on outdated and dangerous cookstoves will move towards centre stage as the global interest in climate change continues to explode. Admittedly the body of evidence could be bigger, but a direct link between Indoor Air Pollution and global warming that persuades governments to place as much emphasis on curtailing cookstove emissions as those from industry and cars is surely not that far off. References [1] Research needs for improving biofuel burning cookstove technologies Ahuja, D.R, 1990 Natural Resources Forum 14(2): 125—34 [2] arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.energy.25.1.741Greenhouse Implications of Household Stoves: Analysis for India K Smith et al, Annual review of Energy and the Environment Vol. 25: 741-763 (Volume publication date November 2000) [3] www.shellfoundation.org/pages/core_lines.php?p=corelines_inside_content&page=breathing&newsID=287Linking IAP to Climate Change - some key statistics [4] www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/asia-as-bad-as-west-for-global-warming-says-study-by-us-460076.html)Asia as bad as West for global warming, says study by US The Independent, 3 August 2007 [5] www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-10/acs-sfw102406.phpSoot From Wood Stoves In Developing World Impacts Global Warming More Than Expected - American Chemical Society, 24 October 2006 www.shellfoundation.org/pages/core_lines.php?p=corelines_inside_content&page=breathing&newsID=74[6] Shell Foundation stove project leads to significant health benefits for Mexican families Further Reading Greenhouse Gas Implications of Household Energy Technology in Kenya Bailis, R., Ezzati, M., and Kammen, D.M., Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 10, 2051 -2059, 2003,  10.1021/es026058q Carbon monoxide from cookstoves in developing countries: 1. Emission factors, J. Zhang, K. R. Smith et al www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6W67-3YF3NNG-10&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=aeee3e2c33980c42496c41b119b63847Chemosphere - Global Change Science Volume 1, Issues 1-3, August 1999, Pages 353-366 www.aprovecho.org/web-content/publications/assets/Global_warming_full_9-6-07.pdfLaboratory Comparison of the Global-Warming Potential of Six Categories of Biomass Cooking Stoves, Nordica MacCarty, Damon Ogle, Dean Still, Dr. Tami Bond, Christoph Roden, Dr. Bryan Willson, September 2007 Atmospheric science: Black carbon and brown clouds John Seinfeld, www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v1/n1/full/ngeo.2007.62.htmlNature Geoscience 1, 15 - 16 (2008) Low greenhouse gas biomass options for cooking in the developing countries, S. C. Bhattacharyaand P. Abdul Salam, www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V22-454TNNF-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=f681cb2455369fa3d67efdb00d1ff962Biomass and Bioenergy Volume 22, Issue 4, April 2002, Pages 305-317 www.hedon.info/goto.php/GHGStoveEmissionsHedon Knowldege Bank on GHG emissions Implications of changes in household stoves and fuel use in China Rufus D. Edwards, Kirk R. Smith, Junfeng Zhangb, Yuqing Mac, Energy www.whrc.org/policy/COP/India/04_edwards_1.pdfPolicy 32 (2004) 395–411 Health, energy, and greenhouse-gas impacts of biomass combustion in household stoves, Kirk R. Smith, www.whrc.org/policy/COP/India/Smith_1994.pdfEnergy for Sustainable Development, Volume I No. 4, November 1994